After the Nation, or together with it Leftist Strategies and Central European Nationalisms in the 20

1
After the Nation, or together with it?Leftist
Strategies and Central European Nationalisms in
the 2000ies

• by
• Pál TAMÁS
• IS HAS, Budapest

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Diogenes of Sinope(412323 B.C.)
3

• Is the specter of nationalism haunting Central
  Europe once again?
• Jacques Rupnik, 2002
• The spectre of unity entered the European house
  through the kitchen, not the front door, and
  picked the larder, not the drawing room, for its
  headqarters And when commodities and money need
  no entry or exit permits, even the best trained
  and armed troops of borderguards will not be of
  much consequence.
• 
  Zygmunt Bauman
• Wenn ich ein Trümmelland wiederfand / Bist Du es
  noch mein Deutschland, mein Vaterland.
  J.Becher, 1945

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DILEMMAS OF THE LEFT

• Rosa Luxemburg The National Question and
  Autonomy, 1909
• the actual possibility of self-determination
  for all ethnic groups or otherwise defined
  nationalities is an utopia precisely because of
  the trend of historical development of
  contemporary societies.
• Lenin V.I. 1913 Theses on the National Question
• National opression, inherited from the autocracy
  and the monarchy, and maintained by
  thelandowners, capitalists, and petty bourgeoisie
  in order to protect their class privileges and
  the case disunity among the workers of various
  nationalities A socialist of any of the opressor
  nations who does not recognise as does not
  struggle for the right of opressed nations to
  self determination i.e. the right to secession
  is in reality a chauvinist, not a socialist.

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Eastern-Western conceptual diversities

• Eastern-Western divisions in concepts and
  leftist reactions
• Occidental and Oriental types of nationalism
• Central Europeans semi-oriental types?
• The New Politics of Inclusion/Exclusion and the
  Central European Nationalism
• nationalism/populism Major frontal enemy of
  the post-1989 CEE liberalism

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A BRUBAKER TYPOLOGY

• Nationalising nationalism of newly
  reconfigurated states
• Transborder nationalisms of external national
  homelands
• Nationalism of national minorities
• National-populist nationalism

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Demos-BordersEthnos-Bounderies-
F.Aarenbrot,2007
Ideal national state
d-ians
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Demos-BordersEthnos-Bounderies
Titular national state
d-ians
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Demos-BordersEthnos-Bounderies
National state with minorities in
neighbouring countries
d-ians
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Demos-BordersEthnos-Bounderies
Titular national state with minority in
neighbouring country and scattered diasporas
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Demos-BordersEthnos-Bounderies
Original notion of diaspora
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A SMALL CENTRAL EUROPEAN ZOO OF NATIONALISMS

• a. Reconstructions of historical nation-states
  Polish, Czech in new borders and/or new ethnic
  compositions
• b. Kulturnation or political nation dilemma
  Hungarian
• c. Late ethnic nation-state models Slovak,
  Horvat versions
• d. Austrian regionalism- new political nation
• e. jugoslovanism czechoslovakism
• f. Rusin rebirth- cultural regionalism?
• g.International Romani movement

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Ukraine Belarus Russians
Serbia In B-H Albanians
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Challenges to Statehood Territorial integrity
Weak High likelihood of containing challenges as
maifest cleavages within a democratic polity
Strong Possible difficulties in containing
nationalist demands based on seperatism or
irredentism
Challenges to nationhood Secular dominance
Challenges to the nation-state The imperial
heritage
Ukraine Belarus Russians
Strong Possible difficulties in containing
nationalism in combination with religious or
secular cleavages
Very strong in a situation of a possible combined
territorial and religious challenge
Serbia In B-H Albanians
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ENLIGHTENED NATIONALISM VERSUS NEW
COSMOPOLITANISM
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Europe- a concept and a topography
Antiquity centred on the Mediterranean
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From The Sea in the Middle of the Earth to The
Continental Peninsula Aarenbrot
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From The Sea in the Middle of the Earth to The
Continental Peninsula Aarenbrot,2007
The City Belt
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Dimensions in Rokkans Conceptual Map
Does the state contain a conquest centre?
1. City Power
Yes
No
The City Belt
Yes
Does the state contain important trading cities?
Periphery- states
Empire- states
No
1550 The Reformation State Churches
1648 Mixing Cuius Regio Cuius Religio
1789 The French Revolution Secularism and
Neutrality
2. Religion
1600 Counter Reformation Dualism
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West
East
City- power
Conquest centre -
-
- Trading cities - -/
-
-
Landw. Peri.
Seaw. Peri.
Seaw.Emp.St.
Citybelt
Landw.Emp.St.
North
Iceland
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Prot. State- church
Norway
The Hanse
England
Preussia
Estonia
Scotland
Latvia
Wales
Northern- Ireland
Netherlands
Germany
The Czech Rep.
France
Mixed Secular
Religion and state
Switzerland
Rhineland FRG
Lithuania
Belgium
Bavaria
Eire
Counter- reform. Catholic
Spain
Poland
Luxembourg
Austria
Portugal
?
S. Italy
N. Italy
Hungary
Slovakia
South
Sloven./Kroa.
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A revision of Rokkans conceptual map to fit the
situation in Central and Eastern Europe

• External and interface periphery states
• Rokkan treats the eastern periphery states as
  external, while their histories are dominated by
  being interface peripheries between western
  empire stats and eastern historical empires
• Religious extension
• Rokkans map only includes the countries of
  western Christianity
• Orthodoxy must be included as well as
• Islam, to cover the state- and nation-building
  processes of all contemporary European democracies

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The Central and East European Space
Religious heritage
Late, devolved Western periphery states
Early states formed in cores of Western seaward
empires
City belt Europe
States based on former core nations of Central
European empire states
Late, devolved states from Central European
empires
Late, devolved states from Eastern empires
Eastern empires

Protestant counties
Iceland Norway (Scotland) (Wales) Prot.
Denmark UK Prot.
Sweden Prot.
Finland Prot.
Estonia Latvia Prot.

Mixed or substantially secularized countries
(Ulster) Prot./Cath.
Netherlands Switzerland Prot./Cath/ Sec.
France Sec./Cath.
Germany Prot./Cath./ Sec..
Czechoslov. Czech Rep. Cath./Sec.
Belarus Ukraine Orth./Sec./ Cath
Russia USSR Sec./ Orth.
Counter- reformation countries non-secularized O
rthodox countries
Eire Cath.
Spain Portugal Cath.
Belgium N-Italy Cath
Austria Hungary Cath.
Slovakia Rest Italy Slovenia Croatia Cath.
.
Lithuania Poland Cath. Romania Bulgaria Serbia FYR
OM Greece Orth.
.




Turkey Mus./ Sec.
Albania Kosovo Mus./Sec.
Muslim countries
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Early Currency Unions 1865-1927
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Membership in the International Postal Union
1875-2001
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Implementing the Metric System 1795-1910
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Summary
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White elitist (discourage popular participation
in politics) Red populist (mobilize the masses)


Neoconservatism
Neoliberalism
Welfare state liberalism
Traditional conservatism


Social democracy
Ultraconservatism
Democratic socialism
Reform communism (market socialism)
Fascism (National socialism)
Totalitarian communism

Elitism vs. populism

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Uneven world development

• Dramatic rise in world Gini coefficient,
  1980-present

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Uneven development between peopleWorld income
inequality, 1820-2000

• How many times wealthier did the worlds top 20
  grow, compared to the bottom 20?
• Source UNDP

1999
1997
1990
1960
1913
1820
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Rodriks trilema
Economic integration
National sovereignty
Welfare state
If sovereignty and welfare state (like now), no
integration If integration and sovereignty,
reduce spending and cut welfare state If
welfare state and integration, global
organizations to decide on policies (thus no
national sovereignty)
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• Blank and Schmidt (2003) describe nationalism and
  patriotism as more specific expressions of
  national identity whereas national identity is
  the more general concept.
• Nationalism is characterized by idealization of
  the nation, a feeling of national superiority, an
  uncritical acceptance of national, state, and
  political authorities, a suppression of
  ambivalent attitudes toward the nation, an
  inclination to define ones own group by criteria
  of descent, race, or cultural affiliation, and
  derogation of groups not considered to be part of
  the nation.
• Patriotism is viewed as having the following
  aspects the nation is not idealized, but
  critically evaluated support for the system as
  long as the nations aims are in accord with
  humanistic values support for democratic
  principles and an advanced social system
  rejection of an uncritical acceptance of state
  authorities and acceptance of negative
  nation-related emotions.

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Nationalism and patriotism the progressists
dilemma

• Schatz, Staub, and Lavine (1999) differentiate
  between blind and constructive patriotism.
• They describe blind patriotism as "a rigid and
  inflexible attachment to country, characterized
  by unquestioning positive evaluation" (p. 153).
• In contrast, they define constructive patriotism
  as "an attachment to country characterized by
  critical loyalty.

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• The two orientations are indeed patriotic in the
  sense of positive national identification.
• However, the blind patriot considers criticism of
  the state as disloyal, whereas constructive
  patriots may even criticize the state themselves,
  if they feel that the state violates their
  ideology or if they believe the state is
  mistaken.

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Measurement - nationalism

• Two questions in the ISSP regarding nationalism
  are used. These question items refer to the
  superiority of ones own country and its
  residents
• The world would be a better place if people from
  other countries were more like the Country
  Nationality and
• Generally speaking, Country is a better country
  than most other countries.

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Measurement - patriotism

• Patriotism was measured in the ISSP based on
  responses to the questions related to civic or
  political pride
• How proud are you of country in each of the
  following
• the way democracy works
• its social security system and
• its fair and equal treatment of all groups in
  society.

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PATRIOTISM/POPULISM OR COSMOPOLITANISM??

• THE ACTUAL MAJOR STRATEGIC
• QUESTION
• CEE HYBRID ANSWERS versus
• M.NUSSBAUMs radicalism

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What is Populism?

• Definitions usually focus on four criteria
  (Roberts 1996)
• Multi-class coalitions brought about by economic
  development
• Redistributive and expansionist economic policies
  associated with popular pressures
• Ideological focus on linkages between the leader
  and the masses as well as a rejection of
  traditional elites
• Mobilization of the masses that bypasses or
  ignores traditional forms of organization

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What Does this Mean In Practice?

• Although multi-class by definition, most populist
  politicians supporters are from the lower or
  lower-middle classes
• Populist politicians often try to appeal directly
  to the masses, bypassing established political
  parties and other organizations
• Populist politicians often favor economic
  redistribution to aid their supporters at the
  expense of other societal groups
• Populist politicians reject the status quo and
  try to appear as though they are above it
• Populist politicians are often nationalists,
  particularly in regard to economic policy

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COSMO-HISTORY IDiogenes of Sinopes motto

• Parakratein to nomismata deface the currency
• Drive out the counterfeit coin of conventional
  wisdom and social conventions
• To live according to nature

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COSMO-HISTORY IIFougeret de Montbron,Le
Cosmopolite (1753)

• All the countries are the same to me
• I am changing my places of residence according
  to my whim
• The virtue of rootlessness

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COSMO-HISTORY IIIImmanuel Kant, Zum ewigen
Frieden (1795)

• Not just societies need legal order,
  international society needs it as well
• Lawlessness in one place is a threat to every
  other place in the world
• An infraction in one place of the Earth should be
  felt around the globe
• Every human being may enjoy a right to the
  surface of the Earth

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Kantian cosmopolitanism

• Global peace through legal, political and
  institutional organization
• Global liberty and solidarity
• Enlightened human beings

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Modern types of cosmopolitanism
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Cosmopolitanisms DELAUNTY,2006
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Definitions of cosmopolitanism Delaunty,2006

• spatial definition the cosmopolitan is someone
  who moves across global space
• social definition the cosmopolitan is the
  stranger who never really belongs to any community

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Definitions of cosmopolitanism

• political definition the cosmopolitan is a
  citizen of the world whose entitlements are
  encoded in human rights and related ideas and
  institutions
• structural definition the cosmopolitan belongs
  to an elite that takes advantage of locals

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Definitions of cosmopolitanism

• moral definition the cosmopolitan shows
  solidarity with strangers
• essentialist definition we are all cosmopolitan
  because every individual human being is naturally
  endowed with certain capabilities and rights that
  take precedence over any system of symbolic
  classification

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Internal and external cosmopolitanism

• Cosmopolitanism most developed within EU but also
  has an external dimension, which is less
  developed
• Until now Europeanization was shaped by internal
  factors today the external is coming
  increasingly to the fore
• Cosmopolitanism of the Eastern LIMES of the EU

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NATIONALISM/COSMOPOLITANISM the Exit, Voice and
Loyalty Framework
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Reasons of Exit Schematized Framework
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PERSONAL CONCLUSIONSCosmopolitan realism

• Normative vs. analytical-empirical perspectives
  growing dependency between social actors across
  national borders an unexpected effect of
  modernization
• There is a contradiction between methodological
  nationalism and cosmopolitan realism
• A cosmopolitan research program a global risk
  society, a postnational politics of mutual
  interdependencies, focus on global inequalities,
  transnationalization of legislation and military
  matters

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