HSCI 461 Sports Injury

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HSCI 461Sports Injury Prevention

• Day 2
• Motivation
• Exercise Prescription
• HIPPA

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MOTIVATION

• Anything that provides direction, intensity, and
  persistence to behavior. Kanfer (1990)
• the likelihood an individual will initiate
  and continue exhibiting behaviors. Miller and
  Rollnick (1991)
• Motivation must be inferred from behavior, it is
  not directly observable. Hughs, Ginnett and
  Curphy (1996)

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The Challenge of Exercise

• Whenever I feel like exercise,
• I lie down until the feeling passes.
• J.P. McEvoy

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NEED THEORIES

• Malsow (1954) Hierarchy of Needs
• Alderfer (1969) Existence-Relatedness-Growt
  h (ERG) Theory
• Assume that people share a common set of basic
  needs, identified as internal states of tension
  or an uncomfortable state of deficiency that
  motivate them to change their behavior

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MASLOWS HIERARCHY

• Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality,
  (New York Harper and Brothers, 1954), chap. 5

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• ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATION
• An individuals tendency to exert effort toward
  task accomplishment
• depends partly on the strength of his motive to
  achieve success.
• INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• Behavior seemingly motivated for its own sake,
  for personal satisfaction and
• increased feelings of competence or control.

Atkinson (1957)
Hughs, Ginnett, and Curphy (1996)
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GOAL SETTING APPROACH

• most familiar and easiest formal system of
  motivating others
• involves collaborative decision making for some
  future outcome and encouraging the participant
  they can achieve it with effort toward the goal
  (power in collaboration)

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ASPECTS OF GOAL SETTING APPROACH

• goals that are specific and difficult result in
  consistently higher effort contrasted to to your
  best
• participants exerted the greatest effort when
  goals were accompanied by feedback
• goal commitment is critical for success !

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BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS FOR FEEDBACK
Situation injury scene

• Behavior
• inappropriate
• stabilization
• of limb

Impact on others/task addition
pain experienced by the injured party
Reflection why pay attention to this?
Be Specific and Objective with Your Feedback

• _at_1996 Center for Creative Leadership

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• Discussion
• and
• Questions

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CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE

• the ability to perform whole body activity over
  time
• provides a means by which oxygen (O2) supplies
  tissues of he body
• critical for performance and fatigue/injury
  prevention

• Arnheim, DD Prentice, WE, Principles of
  Athletic Training, 1993

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OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION

• involves coordinated function of heart, lungs,
  blood vessels and blood
• VO2 max maximum oxygen consumption- the
  greatest rate at which oxygen can be taken in and
  utilized
• three factors determine maximal rate which O2
  utilized external respiration, gas transport
  by cardiovascular system
• internal respiration

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EFFECTS ON THE HEART

• adapting to increased demand
• heart rate and oxygen consumption
• stroke volume
• cardiac output
• training effect
• cardiac output increased stroke volume x
  decreased heart rate

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TRAINING EFFECT

• stroke volume
• x heart rate
• Cardiac Output

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate ) THE IMMEDIATE
ENERGY SOURCE

• energy is produced from the breakdown of
  nutrients (glucose, fats, and proteins)
• energy is used to produce ATP
• ATP is the ultimate usable form if energy for
  muscle activity

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• AEROBIC METABOLISM energy system which
  relies on metabolism of glucose and fats to
  generate ATP and requires oxygen
• ANAEROBIC METABOLISM metabolizing of ATP and
  muscle glycogen without the need of oxygen

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EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

• Goal Improve aerobic capacity
• Four Basic Factors
• Mode or Type of Exercise
• Frequency of Participation
• Duration of Each Exercise Session
• Intensity of Exercise Session

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MINIMUM THRESHOLD

• Level of frequency, duration and intensity of
  exercise that much be reached before aerobic
  benefits are obtained
• Each individuals threshold for frequency,
  duration, and intensity must be exceeded to
  achieve gains in aerobic capacity
• Minimum thresholds vary widely
• Individualized exercise prescription
  

• Wilmore, JH Costill, DL Physiology of Sport
  and Exercise _at_ 2004

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ACSM GUIDELINES FOR EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

• Mode
• continuous rhythmical aerobic activities
• involve large muscle groups
• Frequency
• schedule exercise three to five days per week
• Duration
• 20 to 60 minutes of continuous activity,
  depending on the intensity
• 5-10 minutes of interval training for poorly
  conditioned individuals
• Progression
• adjust in accordance with conditioning effect,
  goals health status
• conditioning- improvement-maintenance

ACSM, 2002
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EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

• Intensity (VO2)
• measure aerobic capacity using a grades exercise
  test (GXT)
• straight percentage of individuals maximal
  aerobic capacity (VO2 max) , peak O2 consumption
  or Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
• ACSM VO2 Reserve ( VO2 R) the difference
  between VO2 max and resting ) O2 consumption
• Use heart rates corresponding to VO2 max

ACSM, 2002
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EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

• Intensity (HRR)
• heart rate is linearly related to intensity of
  exercise and rate of O2 consumption
• prescribe intensities between 55/60 and 90 of
  maximal heart rate or between 40/50 and 85 of
  the O2 uptake reserve or hear rate reserve (HRR)
• 40-50 for very low initial fitness levels

ACSM, 2002
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EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

• Target Training Heart Rate
• Heart Rate (HRR) Reserve Method Karvonen
  Equation
• Maximal HR is related to age
• Maximal HR 220-age
• Takes into account level of fitness
• Resting Heart Rate
• (0.6 Maximal HR-Resting HR )
• Target Training Heart Rate

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EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION example

• Target Training Heart Rate Resting Heart Rate
  ( 0.6 Maximal HR-Resting HR )
• Eg. 35 year old male
• Resting HR 68
• Maximal HR 220 - 33 185
• Training goal 80-85
• THR 162 - 168 68 (.8 - .85 117-68 )

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RATE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION
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ELEMENTS OF A CARDIORESPIRATORY EXERCISE WORKOUT

• WARM-UP
• Increase blood flow/increase body
  temperature/minimize injury
• Minimize risk for abnormal cardiac (CV) rhythms
• 5-10 minutes
• ENDURANCE
• Aerobic exercise at target heart rate (THR)
• 20-60 minutes
• COOL-DOWN
• Minimize risk of CV complications secondary to
  stopping suddenly
• Reduces risk of dizziness/fainting
• 5-10 minutes

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• Discussion
• and
• Questions

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HIPPA

• Public Law 104-191
• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
  Act of 1996 (HIPPA)
• Privacy of Client/Patient
• Confidentiality
• Electronic transactions
• Discussion Professional Experiences