Vehicular Technologies

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Vehicular Technologies

• Embedded Systems Seminar
• Fall 2005
• Elliot Jaffe

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Sensors, Networks and Processors

• Applicable Vehicles
• Potential Uses
• Aside Automotive equipment lifecycle
• Networking
• Processing
• Sensors
• Conclusions

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Applicable Vehicles
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Potential Uses

• Lifecycle Management
• Equipment Monitoring, Maintenance, Performance
• Awareness of the Environment
• Weather Conditions, Air Pressure, Road Surface
• Awareness of the Operators
• Physical State, Mental State, Comfort
• Global vs. Local Interactions
• Convoys, Traffic Planning, Collision Detection

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Automotive Component Lifecycle

• Long lead times between conception and wide
  spread deployment
• Case in point Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)
• Bosch 1930s
• First Electronic system in production 1978
• Trucks and Mercedes-Benz
• Standard Equipment 1985 (Ford Grenada Mk3)
• GM stops offering ABS as Standard Equipment on
  most of its 58 vehicles in 2003

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Automotive Component Requirements

• Low Cost
• Mass Production (availability, liability)
• Dependability (reliability, safety)
• System Modularity
• Easy Field Maintenance
• Simple MMI (drivers are not experts)
• Security (against prohibited actions)

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Automotive Component Lifecycle
Source Integrated Vehicle Control System
Technology Steering, Braking, Suspension, and
Powertrain Systems, Aloysius J. (Alois) Seewald,
TRW Automotive Chassis
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Networking

• Many bus definitions
• http//www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_Autom
  otive.html
• Class A UART lt 10kbps
• Class B non-critical 10kbps to 125kbps
• Class C real-time high-data 125kbps 1Mbps
• Emissions/Diagnostics
• Mobile Media
• X-By-Wire replace mechanical systems
• -40 ? 125C

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Examples

• LIN- local interconnect network
• http//lin-subbus.org
• 20Kbps
• Master/slave architecture
• CAN controller area network (ISO 11898)
• http//www.ni.com/automotive/can.htm
• High speed 1Mbps
• Engine and powertrain
• Low speed 128kbps
• Body and comfort devices

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Networking

• X-By-Wire Architecture
• Proposed by Consortium in 1996-1998
• Time Triggered Protocol (1993)
• Considered failure modes and requirements
• Composability
• Timeliness
• Fault Tolerance
• http//www.vmars.tuwien.ac.at/projects/xbywire/pro
  jects/new-home.html

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X-By-Wire
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Processing

• First Microprocessor, 1978 Cadillac Seville
• Trip Computer, 6802
• Freescale (Motorola) MPC563 32bit microprocessor
• 63-105 MIPS
• -40C 125C
• 2.6V Core Operating Voltage
• 5V I/O Operating Voltage
• 0.8, 1.12W Power dissipation (typical, max)
• 512K Flash RAM, 32K RAM
• 32 Channel A/D (10 bits)

Source www.freescale.com
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Sensors

• Engine and Drivetrain Sensors
• Emissions Control System Sensors
• Safety and Security Sensors
• Other Internal Sensors

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Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

• Throttle Position
• Monitors the position of the accelerator pedal
  and the throttle linkage, so the ECM can make
  accurate air/fuel mixture adjustments
• Barometric Air Pressure (BAP
• Reads changes in barometric (air) pressure. The
  ECM uses this information to adjust timing
  advance and air/fuel ratio
• Mass Air flow/ MAF
• Measures the amount of air drawn through the
  engine's air intake, so the computer can
  compensate for altitude and temperature

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Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

• Permanent magnet vehicle speed sensor
• A permanent magnet generator
• Produces a pulsing (ac) voltage when it spins
• Voltage level and number of pulses increase with
  vehicle speed
• Knock / Detonation
• Listens for engine "ping" so the ECM can retard
  the spark timing, and thereby reduce emissions
  and overheating, if the engine is knocking

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Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

• Magnetic Fluid Level
• Used for brake fluid, coolant, washer fluid and
  oil level sensing
• Temperature
• Air Temperature
• Coolant Temperature
• HVAC Temperature
• Transmission Temperature

                              
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Emission Control Sensors

• Required due to emission control legislation
• EGR Valve
• Recalculates a measured amount of exhaust gas
  into the engine's air intake, to lower combustion
  temperatures and reduce emissions, especially NOx
  
• Ported Vacuum Switch
• Senses engine temperature, and opens or closes
  vacuum lines to various emissions-related
  components

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Safety and Security Sensors

• Inertial Sensors
• active stabilization and navigation applications

• Wheel Speed
• Occupant Position
• Weight
• Driver Seat Position
• Tire Inflation

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Other Interior Sensors

• Climate Control Systems
• Ambient Air Temperature
• Seat Temperature
• Air Flow
• Audio Volume (for Active Feedback)
• Ambient Light (for auto-tint)

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External Sensors

• DARPA Grand Challenge
• http//www.darpa.mil/grandchallenge/TechPapers/Aut
  onomousVehicleSystems.pdf
• Range Finding
• Obstacle Detection
• Terrain Detection

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Team CIMAR
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U. Indiana Rubicon
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Stanford
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Range Finding

• RADAR
• Radio Detection and Ranging
• LADAR
• Laser Detection and Ranging
• SONAR
• Sound Navigation and Ranging

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Detection in Operation
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Conclusion

• Applicable Vehicles
• Potential Uses
• Aside Automotive equipment lifecycle
• Networking
• Processing
• Sensors