The Global Positioning System Briefing to Congressional Staff

1
The Global Positioning SystemBriefing to
Congressional Staff

• February 2000
• Greg FinleyDirector, Executive
  SecretariatInteragency GPS Executive Board

2
Overview

• What is GPS?
• Commercial Uses of GPS
• GPS Policy and Management
• Major Issues

3
What is GPS?
4
The System

• 24 satellites operated by USAF provide 24-hour,
  all-weather, global coverage
• Satellites are equipped with atomic clocks
• Precise time signals are broadcast on L-band
  radio frequencies
• Four satellite signals enable receivers to
  triangulate position

5
How It Works
Satellites broadcast Precise time Orbit
data Satellite health
Receiver measures time delay from satellites, and
by triangulation calculates Location
Elevation Velocity
6
GPS is a Dual-Use System

• Cold War spinoff
• Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces
• Prominent in Gulf War
• After KAL-007, civilians gained access to Coarse
  Acquisition (C/A) signal
• Commercial use now dwarfs military use
• GPS policy is managed at a national level by the
  Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)
• DOD retains operational control for national
  security

7
Civilian vs. Military GPS

• Civilians Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
• Coarse Acquisition (C/A) signal at L1 frequency
• Selective Availability (SA) limits accuracy to
  100 m
• Augmentation systems can improve accuracy to 1-3
  m
• Military Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
• SPS plus two encrypted (P(Y)) signals at L1 and
  L2
• 20 m accuracy
• Modernization will add more civil military
  signals

8
Civilian Augmentation Systems

• Many techniques have been developed to counteract
  the effects of SA and other sources of error
• Differential GPS (DGPS)
• Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)
• Post-Processing
• Commercial GPS augmentation systems abound
• Government is funding many public services to
  enable GPS error correction/integrity monitoring
• Maritime DGPS Beacon Network -- Coast Guard
• Nationwide DGPS Network (NDGPS) -- Coast Guard
• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) -- FAA
• Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) -- FAA
• Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
  -- NOAA

9
GPS is a Global Information Utility

• Time and spatial data are critical elements of
  the global information infrastructure
• Use of GPS increases productivity and is changing
  the way we live and work
• GPS data is embedded into information systems and
  is often transparent to end users
• GPS is therefore offered freely to the world as a
  public good

10
Commercial Uses of GPS
11
Worldwide Sales of GPS Related Goods Services
Projected to Exceed 16B by 2003
Millions
Source ITA, 1998
12
Relative Market Share Projections
Source ITA, 1998
13
Unit Cost of Receivers is Falling at 30 Per
Year
800
600
400
200
0
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Source GPS Industry Council, 1995
14
Major GPS Markets
Satellite Operations
Power Grid Interfaces
Personal Navigation
Surveying Mapping
Trucking Shipping
Aviation
Communications Network Synchronization and
Timing
Recreation
Railroads
Fishing Boating
Off shore Drilling
15
Precision Agriculture

• Precise plowing, seeding, watering, spraying
• Localized identification and treatment of
  distressed crops reduces chemical use
• Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoff
• Machinery, asset, and personnel management
• Automated tractor control

16
Open Pit Mining

• Enhanced management of assets, equipment
• Work progress tracked in real-time, remotely
• Improved machine control saves time, lowers
  maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents
  accidents
• Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes
• Smaller, more empowered workforce

17
Timing Applications

• Some estimate the timing market at 40-100M
• Communications network synchronization and
  management
• Phone, wireless systems
• LANs, WANs, Internet
• Power grid management and fault location
• Financial transactions
• E-commerce signatures

18
Other Civilian Applications

• Public Safety
• Scientific Research
• Environmental Management

19
Global Sales by Market Segment
Millions
Source ITA, 1998
20
GPS Policy and Management
21
Presidents GPS Policy

• Presidential Decision Directive signed in March
  1996
• Policy codified by Congress in 1998
• U.S. shall promote acceptance and use of GPS as a
  worldwide standard
• GPS will remain free of direct user fees
• Selective Availability will end by 2006
• GPS will be jointly managed as a national asset
  by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

22
Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)
Defense (co-chair)
Transportation (co-chair)
State
Commerce
Agriculture
Interior
NASA
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Justice
23
Commerce Representatives

• Deputy Under Secretary for Technology
• Gary Bachula
• Deputy Under Secretary for NOAA
• Scott Gudes
• Two seats, one vote

24
Commerce Interests in GPS

• Commercial GPS market growth
• Civilian and scientific uses of GPS
• Modernization and funding
• Executive Secretariat
• U.S.-Japan Cooperation
• GPS Interagency Advisory Committee
• Radio spectrum management, technical studies
• Trade promotion and market access

25
IGEB Accomplishments

• Decision to add two new civilian signals
• Funding plan for implementation of third signal
• Establishment of Executive Secretariat
• Approval of negotiations with Europe

26
IGEB Management Structure
IGEB Policy
Executive Secretariat Information/Coordination
Senior Steering Group Resources/Requirements
Working Groups
Studies
Task Forces
27
Executive Secretariat

• The IGEB Charter called for a dedicated Executive
  Secretariat but it was not implemented until 1999
• Functions include
• Identify national and international issues that
  may affect the management and operation of GPS
• Develop issues papers, options, and
  recommendations
• Assemble ad hoc working group to address GPS
  issues
• Coordinate information among IGEB agencies
• Provide administrative support

28
Executive Secretariat DOC Role

• IGEB accepted Deputy Secretary Malletts offer to
  physically host the Secretariat office in May
  1999
• Office construction
• Furniture
• Equipment
• Initial supplies
• Recurring rent
• DOC staff participation
• Director from TA
• Detailee from Office of Space Commercialization
• Detailee from NOAA

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Executive Secretariat DOC Benefits

• Raises visibility and status of Commerce as real
  player in GPS -- appropriate since DOC has
  greatest constituency of users
• Facilitates international acceptance of GPS by
  demonstrating its commercial ties and dispelling
  its perception as a military system
• Increases DOC awareness of and insight into
  ongoing processes affecting GPS and its users
• Enables IGEB to move forward on critical issues
  from a national perspective by moving interagency
  conflicts to neutral ground

30
Executive Secretariat Status

• Office created last summer, but still only 2-3
  detailees assigned
• DOC
• Interior
• DOD, DOT, NASA staff in the works
• Activities so far have been limited to
  administrative support and production of National
  GPS Plan
• DOC decided in December 1999 to increase its
  participation to energize operations

31
Executive Secretariat Funding

• Staff salaries paid by host agencies
• DOT, DOD originally agreed to split expenses for
  studies, conferences, etc.
• DOD money is now being transferred to DOC
• DOT money was deleted by Congress
• DOC has committed additional funds for studies
• In order to collect operational funding from more
  than one agency, the IGEB needs specific
  authorization from Congress

32
Major Issues
33
Major Issues

• Modernization and Funding
• International Cooperation
• Spectrum Protection

34
Modernization

• Satellite upgrades needed to improve accuracy,
  reliability of GPS for civilian users
• International aviation community moving towards
  Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
• IGEB, White House have spent over two years
  developing plan to add two new civilian GPS
  signals
• DOD also plans to add new military signals around
  L1 and L2 M-Code

35
Modernization New Signals
C/A
P(Y)
P(Y)
Present Signal
C/A
C/A
M
M
2nd Civil New MilitarySignals
P(Y)
P(Y)
C/A
C/A
M
M
3rd Civil Full Military Signals
P(Y)
P(Y)
1227.6 MHz L2
1575.42 MHz L1
1176.45 MHz L5
36
Basic Civil Positioning Today
25-100 m

• C/A Code on L1
• Selective Availability

37
Basic Civil Positioning Tomorrow
Better resistance to interference
1-3 m

• C/A Code on L1
• C/A Code on L2
• New Code on L5
• No Selective Availability

38
Advanced Positioning Today
10 km
2 cm accuracy

• L1 Code and Carrier
• L2 Carrier
• Data Link

39
Advanced Positioning Tomorrow
Faster recovery following signal interruptions
(ex., under bridges)
100 km
2 cm accuracy

• L1 Code and Carrier
• L2 Code and Carrier
• L5 Code and Carrier
• Data Link

40
Modernization Funding

• VP announced 400 M modernization initiative in
  January 1999 (includes military upgrades)
• Congress denied DOT request for 17 M in FY 2000
• For FY 2001, OMB transferred all civil upgrade
  costs from DOT to DOD in an above the line
  request
• 66 M in FY 2001
• MOA between DOD DOT will ensure that civilian
  GPS modernization funds at DOD remain under civil
  control

41
Modernization Schedule 1999
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Block IIR (Replenishment)
2nd Civil Signal
3rd Civil Signal Military M-Code
Sats 1-6
Sats 7-9
Sats 10-12
Sats 13-15
Block IIF (Follow-on)
42
Modernization Acceleration

• DOD wants new M-Code as soon as possible
• Deputy Secretary Mallett met with business CEOs
  in 1998 to hear views on modernization
• Unanimous support for accelerating the schedule
• IGEB co-chairs agreed in December to accelerate
  the modernization plan
• Retrofit Block IIR satellites with second civil
  signal and partial M-Code
• Implement third civil signal and full M-Code on
  all Block IIF satellites instead of just 27 of 36
• Launch strategy still causing delays despite
  acceleration of satellite production

43
International Cooperation

• Presidents policy tasks State to pursue GPS
  cooperation with other nations
• Objectives include
• Establish GPS as worldwide standard
• Protect international spectrum allocations
• Ensure open market access
• Create seamless global navigation system
• National security interests
• Commerce participates on every delegation
• Japan, Europe, Russia

44
International Cooperation Japan

• Largest GPS market
• Japanese GPS augmentation satellite -- MTSAT
• Joint Statement signed by Clinton, Obuchi in 1998
• Three working groups
• International Policy
• Transportation
• Commercial Scientific Use (DOC chair)
• Next meeting May/June 2000, Tokyo

45
International Cooperation Europe

• Multiple rounds of consultations from 1996-1999
  have led to little progress
• E.U. announced intent to build independent
  Galileo system in 1999 -- but details are
  scarce
• Galileo will include fee-based services and its
  use may be mandated within Europe
• Europe seeks cooperation with U.S., Russia in
  developing Galileo
• Negotiations began in November 1999,may continue
  through Summer 2000

46
International Cooperation Russia

• Russian GLONASS system
• Occupies important radio band near GPS
• Lack of funding has led to its deterioration
• May pursue cooperation with Galileo
• Prior consultations have not been fruitful
• Another meeting possible in early 2000

47
Spectrum Protection

• GPS uses radio bands allocated by the ITU
• At the last ITU World Radio Conference (WRC),
  U.K. proposed sharing the GPS L1 band with mobile
  satellite systems
• Vote was deferred until May 2000
• NTIA has supported technical studies
  demonstrating sharing is not feasible
• State is engaged in intensive efforts to educate
  voting nations on the importance of GPS
  protection -- DOC has participated
• Making progress but success is not assured

48
Spectrum Protection New Bands

• At next WRC, U.S. will also seek new allocations
  to support GPS modernization
• Space-to-space allocation at L2
• Exclusive use allocation at L5
• L5 allocation is problematic for many countries
  that use the band for aircraft navigation systems
• Europe may condition support for L5 on U.S.
  support for Galileo