Welcome to

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Welcome to Hajri Year 1427
Muslims follow a lunar calendar which started
with the hegira, a 300 mile trek in 622 CE when
Mohammed relocated from Mecca to Medina.
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In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the
Merciful
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What is Islam?

• Islam is not a new religion, but the same truth
  that God revealed through all His prophets to
  every people. For a fifth of the world's
  population, Islam is both a religion and a
  complete way of life. Muslims follow a religion
  of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and the
  majority have nothing to do with the extremely
  grave events which have come to be associated
  with their faith.

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Who are the Muslims?

• One billion people from a vast range of races,
  nationalities and cultures across the globe -
  from the southern Philippines to Nigeria - are
  united by their common Islamic faith. About 18
  live in the Arab world the world's largest
  Muslim community is in Indonesia substantial
  parts of Asia and most of Africa are Muslim,
  while significant minorities are to be found in
  the Soviet Union, China, North and South America,
  and Europe.

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What do Muslims believe?

• Muslims believe in One, Unique, Incomparable God
  
• in the Angels created by Him
• in the prophets through whom His revelations
  were
• brought to mankind
• in the Day of Judgement and individual
  accountability for
• actions
• in God's complete authority over human destiny
  and in life
• after death.
• Muslims believe in a chain of prophets starting
  with Adam and including Noah, Abraham, Ishmael,
  Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Moses, Aaron, David,
  Solomon, Elias, Jonah, John the Baptist, and
  Jesus, peace be upon them.
• But God's final message to man, a reconfirmation
  of the eternal message and a summing-up of all
  that has gone before was revealed to the Prophet
  Muhammad through Gabriel.

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How does someone become a Muslim?

• Simply by saying the Shahadah There is no god
  apart from God, and Muhammad is His Messenger.'
• By this declaration the believer announces his or
  her faith in all God, his messenger Muhammad, and
  the scriptures he brought.

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What does 'Islam' mean?

• The Arabic word 'Islam' (slm) simply means
  'submission' and derives from a word meaning
  'peace'.
• In a religious context it means complete
  submission to the will of God. 'Mohammedanism' is
  thus a misnomer because it suggests that Muslims
  worship Muhammad rather than God. 'Allah' is the
  Arabic name for God, which is used by Arab
  Muslims and Christians alike.
• Slm (salom) means peace and submission for
  the Christians and Jews also, since Jeru-salem
  means city of peace. In Hebrew, the same word
  is spelled, shalom.

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Why does Islam often seem strange?

• Islam may seem exotic or even extreme in the
  modern world. Perhaps this is because religion
  does not dominate everyday life in the West
  today, whereas Muslims have religion always
  uppermost in their minds, and make no division
  between secular and sacred.
• They believe that the Divine Law, the Shari'a,
  should be taken very seriously, which is why
  issues related to religion are still so important.

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Do Islam and Christianity have different origins?

• No. Together with Judaism, they go back to the
  prophet and patriarch Abraham, and their three
  prophets are directly descended from his sons
  Muhammad from the eldest, Ishmael, and Moses and
  Jesus from Isaac.
• Abraham established the settlement which today is
  the city of Makkah (Mecca), and built the Ka'ba
  (Kaba/Kabaa) towards which all Muslims turn when
  they pray.

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What is the Ka'ba?

• The Ka'ba is the place of worship which God
  commanded Abraham and Ishmael to build over four
  thousand years ago.
• The building was constructed of stone on what
  many believe was the original site of a sanctuary
  established by Adam.
• God commanded Abraham to summon all mankind to
  visit this place, and when pilgrims go there
  today they say 'At Thy service, O Lord', in
  response to Abraham's summons.

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Who is Muhammad?

• Muhammad, was born in Makkah in the year 570, at
  a time when Christianity was not yet fully
  established in Europe. Since his father died
  before his birth, and his mother shortly
  afterwards, he was raised by his uncle from the
  respected tribe of Quraysh. As he grew up, he
  became known for his truthfulness, generosity and
  sincerity, so that he was sought after for his
  ability to arbitrate in disputes. The historians
  describe him as calm and meditative.
• As a youth, he was employed as a camel driver on
  the trade routes between Syria and Arabia.
  Mohammed later managed caravans on behalf of
  merchants. He met people of different religious
  beliefs on his travels, and was able to observe
  and learn about Judaism, Christianity and the
  indigenous Pagan religions.

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How did Muhammad become a prophet and a messenger
of God?

• At the age of 40, while engaged in a meditative
  retreat, Muhammad received his first revelation
  from God through the Angel Gabriel. This
  revelation, which continued for twenty-three
  years, is known as the Quran.

The Mountain of Light where Gabriel came
to Prophet Muhammad.
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• As soon as he began to recite the words he heard
  from Gabriel, and to preach the truth which God
  had revealed to him, he and his small group of
  followers suffered bitter persecution, which grew
  so fierce that in the year 622 God gave them the
  command to emigrate. This event, the Hijra,
  'migration', in which they left Makkah (Mecca)
  for the city of Madinah (Medina) some 260 miles
  to the north, marks the beginning of the Muslim
  calendar.
• After several years, the Prophet and his
  followers were able to return to Makkah, where
  they forgave their enemies and established Islam
  definitively. Before the Prophet died at the age
  of 63, the greater part of Arabia was Muslim, and
  within a century of his death Islam had spread to
  Spain in the West and as far East as China.

The Prophet's Mosque in Madinah the dome
indicates the place where his house stood and
where he is buried.
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• Until the moment that Muhammad began spreading
  the message he heard from the angel Gabriel 13
  centuries ago, the Arabs were mostly polytheists,
  worshiping tribal deities. They had no sacred
  history linking them to one universal god, like
  other Middle Eastern peoples. They had no sacred
  text to live by, like the Bible no sacred
  language, as Hebrew is to Jews and Sanskrit is to
  Hindus. Above all, they had no prophet sent to
  them by God, as Jews and Christians could boast.

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How did the spread of Islam affect the world?

• Among the reasons for the rapid and peaceful
  spread of Islam was the simplicity of its
  doctrine - Islam calls for faith in only One God
  worthy of worship. It also repeatedly instructs
  man to use his powers of intelligence and
  observation.

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• Within a few years, great civilizations and
  universities were flourishing, for according to
  the Prophet, 'seeking knowledge is an obligation
  for every Muslim man and woman.'
• The synthesis of Eastern and Western ideas and of
  new thought with old, brought about great
  advances in medicine, mathematics, physics,
  astronomy, geography, architecture, art,
  literature, and history. Many crucial systems
  such as algebra, the Arabic numerals, and also
  the concept of the zero (vital to the advancement
  of mathematics), were transmitted to medieval
  Europe from Islam.
• Sophisticated instruments which were to make
  possible the European voyages of discovery were
  developed, including the astrolabe, the quadrant
  and good navigational maps.

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The Spread of Islam
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By 750 C.E., Islam had spread from Madinah to all
of Arabia, then Mesopotamia, Egypt, most of the
coastal regions of North Africa, and into Iberia.
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• The major ruling groups of the Middle East at the
  time, the Christian Byzantines and the Persian
  Sasanids, had exhausted themselves after years of
  warfare, weakening their empires and enabling the
  Muslims to fill a power vacuum.
• The ease with which Islam spread eastward and
  westward in the 200 years after the death of
  Muhammad is further explained by theological
  divisions and intra-religious persecution within
  the Christian world.
• Many Christians in these lands, particularly
  those from persecuted sects, welcomed the arrival
  of the Muslims, and converted freely to Islam
  over the years.

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The Crusades 1096 to 1289Beginning in 1096,
some Christian Europeans heeded the call of the
papacy to launch a series of holy wars aimed
at gaining control of Jerusalem from the Muslim
Arabs and Seljuk Turks.
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• In all, eight crusades were carried out.
  Jerusalem fell to the Christians in 1099, partly
  due to the disarray among Muslims. It took
  Muslims nearly half a century to respond
  effectively with their own call for defensive
  jihad, which required fighting against the
  Crusaders.
• Under the leadership of Salah al-Din, the Muslims
  effectively ended the Christian hold on the Holy
  Land in 1187, shortly after which Jerusalem was
  restored to Muslim control.
• It would be another 100 years, however, before
  the last Christian strongholds (Tripoli and Acre)
  fell to the Muslims.
• In general, the Muslims considered the Crusades
  to be an invasion by European outsiders, and
  history indicates that the Europeans treated
  Muslims and Jews much more harshly in comparison
  to Muslim treatment of Christians.
• The Christian sacking of Jerusalem and the
  massacre of its Muslim and Jewish residents
  during the first Crusade are often remembered as
  tragic historical examples of religious
  intolerance.

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The Ottoman Empire 1350 to 1918This greatest of
the Muslim states in terms of duration was
founded in the late 13th century by the Ottoman
Turks.
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• It lasted until its dissolution after WW I in
  1918. Its early phase challenged the Byzantine
  Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia.
• In 1389, much of the Balkan Peninsula came under
  Ottoman rule. The Ottomans conquered
  Constantinople in 1453, bringing to an end the
  1100-year-rule of the Byzantine Empire/ Next the
  Ottomans gained control of Mamluk Egypt in 1517,
  followed by Algiers and most of present-day
  Hungary by 1529, all of Persia in 1638, and most
  of the region between the Black and Caspian Seas
  by the 1650s. These so-called Ottoman wars of
  conquest fixed in the imagination of the
  Europeans the image of the Muslim Turks as
  ferocious and religiously inspired warriors.

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• Beginning in the 1780s, the Ottoman Empire began
  to weaken, as European powers gained strength and
  began to vie with each other for access to
  resources and markets in the Middle East.
• Most of the northern coast of the Black Sea had
  slipped away by 1812. The Ottoman Empire lost
  Greece, Egypt, and Serbia to European-inspired
  independence movements over the next 60 years.
• By 1900, Turkey was known as the Sick Man of
  Europe, And by 1912, it had lost nearly all of
  its European territories.
• Siding with Germany and the losing Central Powers
  in World War I doomed the Empire. With the
  signing of the armistice ending WWI, the Ottoman
  Empire was dismantled by the Allied Powers,
  paving the way for the creation of new individual
  states in the modern Middle East.

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Sacred Texts

• There are two texts the Qur'an are the words of
  God. This was originally in oral and written
  form they were later assembled together into a
  single book, the Qur'an. Its name is often
  spelled "Koran" in English. This is not
  recommended, as some Muslims find it offensive.
  The Hadith, which are collections of the sayings
  of Mohammed.

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What is the Quran?

• The Quran is a record of the exact words
  revealed by God through the Angel Gabriel to the
  Prophet Muhammad. It was memorized by Muhammad
  and then dictated to his Companions, and written
  down by scribes, who cross-checked it during his
  lifetime. Not one word of its 114 chapters,
  suras, has been changed over the centuries, so
  that the Quran is in every detail the unique and
  miraculous text which was revealed to Muhammad
  fourteen centuries ago.

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Fatiha

• Surah 1. The Opening
• 1. In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most
  Merciful.
• 2. Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and
  Sustainer of the worlds
• 3. Most Gracious, Most Merciful
• 4. Master of the Day of Judgment.
• 5. Thee do we worship, and Thine aid we seek.
• 6. Show us the straight way,
• 7. The way of those on whom Thou hast bestowed
  Thy Grace, those whose (portion) is not wrath,
  and who go not astray.

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This opening chapter of The Quran, the Fatiah,
is central in Islamic prayer. It contains the
essence of The Quran and is recited during
every prayer.
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Fatiha Audio
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Boys studying the Quran
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What is the Quran about?

• The Quran, the last revealed Word of God, is the
  prime source of every Muslim's faith and
  practice. It deals with all the subjects which
  concern us as human beings wisdom, doctrine,
  worship, and law, but its basic theme is the
  relationship between God and His creatures. At
  the same time it provides guidelines for a just
  society, proper human conduct and an equitable
  economic system.
• Are there any other sacred sources?
• Yes, the sunna, the practice and example of the
  Prophet, is the second authority for Muslims. A
  hadith is a reliably transmitted report of what
  the Prophet said, did, or approved. Belief in the
  sunna is part of the Islamic faith.

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How do Muslims Worship?

• In Islam, the term ibadah (service, worship)
  does not merely signify the ritualistic
  activities such as Salah (ritual Prayer),
  fasting, Zakah (obligatory alms) or Hajj
  (pilgrimage to Makkah). It includes all the
  activities of a believer that are in accordance
  with the laws of Allah (God). When a Muslim
  performs all the activities of his life for the
  pleasure of Allah, then all his deeds become
  ibadah or worship. Naturally this includes his
  ritualistic worship, such as prayer, as well.
• Islam requires a person to submit himself
  whole-heartedly and fully to Allah. Thus,
  surrendering all the areas of ones activity to
  Allah, leaving nothing to the whims and fancies
  of anyone else, is in fact the true meaning of
  Islam.

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• The Quran shows that there are only two ways
  laid out before Man one is the way of Allah and
  the other is the way of the Devil. A person
  cannot stand with one foot in Allahs way and the
  other in the Devils way.
• Islam does not value rituals for the sake of
  ceremony.
• A Muslim is one who has willfully submitted his
  whole self to Allah, and his duty then is just to
  obey Him. A Muslim cannot split his life into
  compartments and say, This is the area of my
  religion where I will obey Allah and these are
  the areas where I will follow others. For
  service and worship are one in Islam. By
  following or obeying others than Allah, one is,
  in effect, worshiping them, which is a
  contradiction of the first item of Muslim belief
  there is none worthy of worship but Allah.

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• The officials of the Mosque are, the "iman"
  (leader), the "preacher", and the "muezzin" (who
  calls to prayer from the minaret). No priests.
• Over time, many rooms were added to the mosque,
  rooms used by people of different social classes,
  people performing their professions in the
  mosque, travelers, sick, and old. Devout and
  ascetics lived often in the mosque, and even in
  the minaret.
• In most mosques, men and women worship separately.

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• All mosques have an interior wall with a empty
  arch that faces Mecca. This directs the
  worshipper as he bows to pray.
• The interpreters of the Scriptures are the
  "mullahs" or "ulemas," who serve as religious
  teachers and judges in the courts.
• Prayer is a cardinal tenet in Islamic
  religiosity, the second foremost duty after
  profession of faith, the shahadah.

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• Prayer is a distinctive component of a Muslims
  personality and routine his day begins and ends
  with a prayer. According to a famous hadith (the
  tradition of the Prophet), a Muslim who
  deliberately fails to observe his/her prayers
  ceases to be one in practice.10 Prayer is a
  testament of genuine obedience to God.
• The five obligatory prayers are the early morning
  prayer (salat al-fajr), the noon prayer (salat
  al-zuhr), the mid-afternoon prayer (salat
  al-asr), the sunset prayer (salat al-maghrib)
  and the evening prayer (salat al-isha). On
  Fridays, the noon congregational prayer (salat
  al-Juma) substitutes for the regular noon
  prayer. 
• As prayer penetrates the entire fiber of the
  worshippers being the whole world becomes like a
  mosque (masjid) to him ever conscious of the
  pervasive presence of God around him. His action
  becomes the replica of the godliness that
  constitutes his inner self. This is because he
  prostrates himself before God, not as a matter of
  routine, but in sincere spirit of obeisance.

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• Performance of prayerThe arrival of a prayer
  time is announced by the call to prayer
  (adhan). In Muslim societies the adhan can be
  heard from the top of minarets, on loudspeakers,
  radio and television. The caller, muadhin, in a
  melodious voice, intones the greatness of God and
  invites the faithful to prayer in the following
  phrases (repeated at least twice) 
• God is most great. I bear witness that there is
  no god but the One God. I bear witness that
  Muhammad is the messenger of God. Hasten to
  prayer! Hasten to success! God is most great.
  There is no god but the true One God.
• The phrase prayer is better than sleep is
  added immediately after hasten to success when
  the call is proclaimed for the early morning
  prayer to remind Muslims of the bliss that prayer
  affords them in the hereafter.

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• Before the worshipper approaches this sacred
  duty, he is first and foremost enjoined to enter
  in a state of sacral purityby performing
  ablution or ritual washing (wudu). Prayer is
  worthless without ablution.
• Ablution consists of washing with pure water
  ones hands, mouth, nostrils, face, and the arms
  to the elbows, wiping the head and the ears, and
  washing the feet to the ankle. Ablution also
  symbolizes a sense of hygiene as well as
  purification for the soul.
• Like all other Islamic ritual observances,
  ablution must be preceded by niyyah, a solemn
  declaration of intention for which the act is
  for, i.e. worship. By this act the worshipper
  consciously summons the resolve to enter into a
  meeting with his Lord.
• When the ablution is complete, then the
  worshipper is ready to commence the prayer. He
  makes sure his garment and prayer ground are free
  of any pollution. A prayer rug or any material
  chosen for that matter usually delineates the
  prayer ground.

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What are the 'Five Pillars' of Islam ?

• They are the framework of the Muslim life faith,
  prayer, concern for the needy, self-purification,
  and the pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) for those
  who are able.

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• A Muslim's duties as described in the FIVE
  PILLARS of Islam are
• 1) to recite at least once during their lifetime
  the shahadah (the creed "There is no God but God
  and Mohammed is his Prophet"). Most Muslims
  repeat it at least daily.
• 2) to perform the salat (prayer) 5 times a day.
  This is recited while orienting one's body
  towards Mecca. It is done in the morning, at
  noon, midafternoon, after sunset and just before
  sleeping.
• 3) to donate regularly to charity through zakat,
  a 2.5 charity tax, and through additional
  donations to the needy as the individual believer
  feels moved.
• 4) to fast during the month of Ramadan. This is
  believed to be the month that Mohammed received
  the Qur'an from God.
• 5) if economically and physically, to make at
  least one hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca

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Five Pillars of Faith movie
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• FAITH
• There is no god worthy of worship except God and
  Muhammad is His messenger. This declaration of
  faith is called the Shahada, a simple formula
  which all the faithful pronounce. In Arabic, the
  first part is la ilaha illa Llah - 'there is no
  god except God' ilaha (god) can refer to
  anything which we may be tempted to put in place
  of God - wealth, power, and the like. Then comes
  illa Llah 'except God', the source of all
  Creation. The second part of the Shahada is
  Muhammadun rasulu'Llah 'Muhammad is the
  messenger of God.' A message of guidance has come
  through a man like ourselves.

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• 2) PRAYER
• Salat is the name for the obligatory prayers
  which are performed five times a day, and are a
  direct link between the worshipper and God. There
  is no hierarchical authority in Islam, and no
  priests, so the prayers are led by a learned
  person who knows the Quran, chosen by the
  congregation. These five prayers contain verses
  from the Quran, and are said in Arabic, the
  language of the Revelation, but personal
  supplication can be offered in one's own
  language.

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• Prayers are said at dawn, noon,
  mid-afternoon, sunset and nightfall, and thus
  determine the rhythm of the entire day. Although
  it is preferable to worship together in a mosque,
  a Muslim may pray almost anywhere, such as in
  fields, offices, factories and universities.
  Visitors to the Muslim world are struck by the
  centrality of prayers in daily life.

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• A translation of the Call to Prayer is
• God is most great. God is most great. God is
  most great. God is most great. I testify that
  there is no god except God. I testify that there
  is no god except God. I testify that Muhammad is
  the messenger of God. I testify that Muhammad is
  the messenger of God. Come to prayer! Come to
  prayer! Come to success (in this life and the
  Hereafter)! Come to success! God is most great.
  God is most great. There is no god except God.

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• 3) THE 'ZAKAT'
• One of the most important principles of
  Islam is that all things belong to God, and that
  wealth is therefore held by human beings in
  trust. The word zakat means both 'purification'
  and 'growth'. Our possessions are purified by
  setting aside a proportion for those in need,
  and, like the pruning of plants, this cutting
  back balances and encourages new growth.
• Each Muslim calculates his or her own
  zakat individually. For most purposes this
  involves the payment each year of two and a half
  percent of one's capital.

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• 4) THE FAST
• Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims
  fast from first light until sundown, abstaining
  from food, drink, and sexual relations. Those who
  are sick, elderly, or on a journey, and women who
  are pregnant or nursing are permitted to break
  the fast and make up an equal number of days
  later in the year. If they are physically unable
  to do this, they must feed a needy person for
  every day missed. Children begin to fast (and to
  observe the prayer) from puberty, although many
  start earlier.
• Although the fast is most beneficial to the
  health, it is regarded principally as a method of
  self purification. By cutting oneself off from
  worldly comforts, even for a short time, a
  fasting person gains true sympathy with those who
  go hungry as well as growth in one's spiritual
  life.

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• 5) PILGRIMAGE (Hajj)
• The annual pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) - the
  Hajj - is an obligation only for those who are
  physically and financially able to perform it.
  Nevertheless, about two million people go to
  Makkah each year from every corner of the globe
  providing a unique opportunity for those of
  different nations to meet one another. Although
  Makkah is always filled with visitors, the annual
  Hajj begins in the twelfth month of the Islamic
  year (which is lunar, not solar, so that Hajj and
  Ramadan fall sometimes in summer, sometimes in
  winter). Pilgrims wear special clothes simple
  garments which strip away distinctions of class
  and culture, so that all stand equal before God.

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? Hajj certificate Pilgrim ? in hajj clothes
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Road sign in Mecca
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The Kaba
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Pilgrims praying at the mosque in Mecca
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A new covering for the Kaba is made every year,
and it takes about a full year to
hand-stitch the covering much of which is sewn
with gold thread
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• The rites of the Hajj, which are of Abrahamic
  origin, include circling the Ka'ba seven times,
  and going seven times between the mountains of
  Safa and Marwa as did Hagar during her search for
  water. Then the pilgrims stand together on the
  wide plain of Arafa and join in prayers for God's
  forgiveness, in what is often thought of as a
  preview of the Last Judgment.
• In previous centuries the Hajj was an arduous
  undertaking. Today, however, Saudi Arabia
  provides millions of people with water, modern
  transport, and the most up-to-date health
  facilities.
• The close of the Hajj is marked by a festival,
  the Eid al-Adha, which is celebrated with prayers
  and the exchange of gifts in Muslim communities
  everywhere. This, and the Eid al-Fitr, a
  feast-day commemorating the end of Ramadan, are
  the main festivals of the Muslim calendar.

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-------------------- The Great Mosque
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Hajj Movie
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Stampede Kills 345 At Hajj Ritual MINA, Saudi
Arabia, Jan. 12, 2006

• At least 345 Muslim pilgrims were trampled to
  death and almost 300 injured Thursday as they
  tripped over luggage in a scramble to hurl
  pebbles at symbols of Satan during the annual
  pilgrimage, Saudi officials said.
• It was the latest in a succession of stampede
  tragedies to hit the hajj pilgrimage despite
  efforts of the Saudi authorities to avoid a
  repeat of disasters like the one that killed
  1,426 people in 1990.

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Does Islam tolerate other beliefs?

• The Quran says God forbids you not, with regards
  to those who fight you not for your faith nor
  drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly
  and justly with them for God loveth those who
  are just. (Quran, 608)
• Of course, saying that God does not forbid you
  from dealing kindly and justly is NOT the same as
  saying that God commands you to deal kindly and
  justly. We will return to this idea is a few
  minutes.

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• It is one function of Islamic law to protect the
  privileged status of minorities, and this is why
  non-Muslim places of worship have flourished all
  over the Islamic world. History provides many
  examples of Muslim tolerance towards other
  faiths when the caliph Omar entered Jerusalem in
  the year 634, Islam granted freedom of worship to
  all religious communities in the city.
• Islamic law also permits non-Muslim minorities to
  set up their own courts, which implement family
  laws drawn up by the minorities themselves.
• When the caliph Omar took Jerusalem from the
  Byzantines, he insisted on entering the city with
  only a small number of his companions.
  Proclaiming to the inhabitants that their lives
  and property were safe, and that their places of
  worship would never be taken from them, he asked
  the Christian patriarch Sophronius to accompany
  him on a visit to all the holy places.

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• The Patriarch invited him to pray in the Church
  of the Holy Sepulchre, but he preferred to pray
  outside its gates, saying that if he accepted,
  later generations of Muslims might use his action
  as an excuse to turn it into a mosque. Above is
  the mosque built on the spot where Omar did pray.
  
• According to Islam, man is not born in 'original
  sin'. He is God's viceregent on earth. Every
  child is born with the fitra, an innate
  disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and
  beauty. Islam considers itself to be the
  'primordial religion', din al-hanif, it seeks to
  return man to his original, true nature in which
  he is in harmony with creation, inspired to do
  good, and confirming the Oneness of God.

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Black Muslim Movement (BMM)

• Muslims cannot totally deny that there has been
  some intolerance of other faiths and of other
  races.
• The BMM is largely a black urban movement in the
  US. One driving force was a rejection of
  Christianity as the religion of the historically
  oppressing white race. It was started by Wallace
  Fard who built the first temple in Detroit.
  Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Poole) established a
  second temple in Chicago and later supervised the
  creation of temples in most large cities with
  significant black populations.

Elijah Muhammad
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.

• They taught that blacks were racially superior to
  whites and that a racial war is inevitable. The
  charismatic Malcolm X was perhaps their most
  famous spokesperson he played an important role
  in reversing the BMM's anti-white beliefs. In its
  earlier years, the movement deviated
  significantly from traditional Islamic beliefs

(particularly over matters of racial tolerance
and the status of the BMM leaders as prophets).
This deviation is being reversed.
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Common Islamic Beliefs

• strict monotheism. God is the creator, is just,
  omnipotent and merciful
• respect for earlier prophets and belief in their
  teachings Abraham, Moses and Jesus
• that Mohammed is the last of the prophets
• belief in the existence of Satan who drives
  people to sin
• that Muslims who sincerely repent and submit to
  God return to a state of sinlessness
• belief in Hell where unbelievers and sinners
  spend eternity

• belief in Paradise, a place of physical and
  spiritual pleasure where the sinless go after
  death
• abstinence from alcohol and gambling
• rejection of racism
• avoid the use of alcohol, other drugs, eating of
  pork, etc.
• avoid gambling
• that Jesus is a prophet. They regard the
  Christian concept of the deity of Jesus to be
  blasphemous
• that Jesus was not executed on the cross

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Divisions Within Islam

• Because of Islam's great growth geographically in
  the first two centuries of its inception, there
  needed to be a larger set of Islamic laws capable
  of handling the different needs of Muslims
  throughout the Empire.  The Qur'an and the Hadith
  were not detailed enough to provide all the
  answers.  Therefore, in the 8th century A.D.,
  there arose a school of legal experts who
  interpreted and applied Islamic principles to
  different situations throughout the Empire. 
  However, different scholars disagreed with these
  experts in various areas.  This led to a variety
  of legal schools of thought within Islam. 
• These different schools became different sects
  within Islam.  The largest of the sects is the
  Sunni which comprises about 90 of all Muslims. 
  The next two largest are the Shi'i and Sufi. 
  After these, there are numerous splinter groups
  which are often named after the individual
  scholars who began them  Hanifa, Maliki,
  Shafi'i, Zaydi, the Nusayri, Ismaili, Murji'ah,
  etc.

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• 1) Followers of the Hanafi, Shafi, Hanibal, and
  Malik legal schools are called Sunni Muslims and
  constitute a 90 majority of the believers. They
  are considered to be main stream traditionalists.
  Because they are comfortable pursuing their faith
  within secular societies, they have been able to
  adapt to a variety of national cultures, while
  following their three sources of law the Qur'an,
  Hadith, and consensus of Muslims.
• The Sunni emphasize the power and sovereignty of
  Allah and his right to do whatever he wants with
  his creation.  Strict determinism is taught.  Its
  rulership is through the Caliphate, the office of
  Muslim ruler who is considered the successor to
  Muhammad.  This successor is not through
  hereditary lineage.

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• 2) Followers of the Jafri school are called
  Shi'ite Muslims (or Shia) and constitute a small
  minority of Islam. They split from the Sunnis
  over a dispute about the successor to Mohammed.
  This split occured after the assassination of the
  fourth caliph in 661.  Shi'ites believe that the
  successor to Muhammad should have been Ali, his
  son in law, and that subsequent successors should
  have been through his lineage through his wife
  Fatima.
• Shi'ism is broken into three main sects the
  Twelve-Imam, the Zaydis, and the Ismailis. Each
  group, of course, has differences of doctrine.
• Shi'ite theology includes a doctrine known as the
  five supports these are Divine Unity (tawhid),
  prophecy (nubuwwah), resurrection of the soul and
  body at the Judgment (ma'ad), the Imamate
  (imamah), and justice ('adl).  The first three
  are found in Sunni Islam, albeit with some
  differences of emphasis the Imamate, however ,
  is the essence of Shi'ism, and the last, justice,
  is an inheritance from the Mu'tazilites, or
  rationalists, whose system is in many ways
  perpetuated in Shi'ite theology.

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• The Imamate, fom the word "Imam", in the Shi'ite
  traditions is the political and religious leader
  of the Shi'ite sect. This person possess great
  power and influence. According to Shi'ite
  doctrine, the Imam must be a biological successor
  of Ali.  The Imam is also sinless and infallible
  on all matters of Islamic doctrine and will
  intercede for Muslims in the afterlife.  The
  Shi'i and the Sunni differ in some
  interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith and even
  have a different canon of Hadith and the Sunni.
• 3) The Sufi are a mystical tradition where the
  followers seek inner mystical knowledge of God.
  This sect "officially" developed around the 10th
  century and has since fragmented into different
  orders  Ahmadiyya, Qadariyya, Tijaniyya,
  etc.  Of course, the Sufi believe their roots can
  be traced back to the inception of Islam in the
  early 7th century.  

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• The Sufi mystic must follow a path of deprivation
  and meditation.  There are various forms of
  abstinence and poverty.  Worldly things are
  renounced and a complete trust in God's will is
  taught.  The goal is to attain to a higher
  knowledge and experience of Allah.  The mystical
  focus meant that the Qur'an could be interpreted
  in different ways and so Sufism taught that the
  Qur'an had mystical meanings hidden within its
  pages.  Out of this mysticism a type of pantheism
  developed among some Sufi believers.  Pantheism
  is the teaching that God and the universe are
  one.  Of course, the orthodox Muslims, called the
  Sunni, reject this idea since they claim that
  Allah is the creator of the universe and distinct
  from it.
• In part, Sufism arose as a reaction to the
  growing Islamic materialism that had developed in
  the Empire at that time.  Islam had achieved
  great power and geographical scope and with it,
  the material gain was great.   

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• The Sufi "Whirling Derisshes"
•     The greatest of the Sufi poets is "Meluana
  Celadin Rumi" (1207-73), from Turkey, whose work,
  "Masvani," is considered second only to the
  Koran, and it was Rumi who advocated and
  influenced the development of the "whirling
  dervishes," twirl dancing around the master, as a
  means of achieving oneness with God... it
  requires 1,001 hours to master the dance, once
  secret, now performed openly.
•     They used to retreat to the desert where they
  live as wandering ascetics, abstaining from all
  worldly pleasures and dressing in woolen robes,
  "sufis"... and there are several "orders," like
  the Christian monastic orders.

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• 4) An interesting minor division is the Ahmadis
  Followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement believe that
  God sent Ahmad as a Messiah, "a messenger of His
  in this age who has claimed to have come in the
  spirit and power of Jesus Christ. He has come to
  call all people around one Faith, i.e. Islam..."
  The movement's founder was Hazrat Mirza Ghulam
  Ahmad (1835-1908). He was born in Qadian, India.
  He felt that he had a mandate from God to correct
  a serious error within Christianity. Most
  Christians believe that Jesus is a member of the
  Godhead. "...because Jesus, whom God sent as a
  Messiah to the Israelites was taken for a God,
  Divine jealousy ordained that another man Ahmad
  should be sent as Messiah so that the world may
  know that the first Messiah was nothing more than
  a weak mortal."

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Islamic Sects
Sunni Hanafi Barelvi Deobandi Hanbali
Wahhabi Maliki Shafii Shiia Twelver -
Ithna-Ashari Sevener Ismaili (Hashashin)
Alawi Bohra Druze Khoja Fiver -
Zaydi Kharijite / Ibadite Ahmadi Qadiani
Lahorite Sufi
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Islamic Law

• Within the Islamic vision of this world, there
  are rules that govern the lives of the Moslems
  themselves, and these rules are very strict. In
  fundamentals, there are no differences between
  schools of law.
• However, there are four streams of factions
  within Islam with differences between them
  concerning the minutiae of the laws. All over the
  Islamic world, countries have favored one or
  another of these schools of laws.
• The strictest school of law is called Hanbali,
  mainly coming out of Saudi Arabia.
• There are no games there, no playing around with
  the meanings of words.

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• There are various perspectives in Islam with
  different interpretations over the centuries.
  There were good people that were very enlightened
  in Islam that tried to understand things
  differently. They even brought traditions from
  the mouth of the prophet that women and children
  should not be killed in war. These more liberal
  streams do exist, but there is one thing that is
  very important for us to remember.
• The Hanbali school of law is extremely strict,
  and today this is the school that is behind most
  of the terrorist powers. Even if we talk about
  the existence of other schools of Islamic law,
  when we're talking about fighting against the
  Jews, or fighting against the Christian world led
  by America, it is the Hanbali school of law that
  is being followed.

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2. Islamic Law - Shariah

• The Arabic word shariah refers to the laws and
  way of life prescribed by Allah (SWT) for his
  servants. The shariah deals with the ideology
  and faith behavior and manners and practical
  daily matters. "To each among you, we have
  prescribed a law and a clear way. (Qur 'an 548)
  Shariah includes the Qur'an and the sunnah of
  the Prophet (saas). The Qur'an is the direct word
  of Allah (SWT), and is the first most important
  source of guidance and rulings. The Sunnah of the
  Prophet (saas) is the second source of guidance
  and rulings. The sunnah is an inspiration from
  Allah (SWT), but relayed to us through the words
  and actions of the Prophet (saas), and his
  concurrence with others' actions. The sunnah
  confirmed the rulings of the Qur'an detailed
  some of the concepts, laws and practical matters
  which are briefly stated in the Qur'an (e.g.
  definition of Islam, Iman, and Ihsan, details of
  salah, types of usury) and gave some rulings
  regarding matters not explicitly stated in the
  Qur'an (e.g. wearing silk clothes for men).

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3. Islamic Law - Fiqh

• The Arabic word fiqh means knowledge,
  understanding and comprehension. It refers to the
  legal rulings of the Muslim scholars, based on
  their knowledge of the shariah and as such is
  the third source of rulings. The science of fiqh
  started in the second century after Hijrah, when
  the Islamic state expanded and faced several
  issues which were not explicitly covered in the
  Qur'an and Sunnah of the Prophet (saas). Rulings
  based on the unanimity of Muslim scholars and
  direct analogy are binding. The four Sunni
  schools of thought, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and
  Hanbali, are identical in approximately 75 of
  their legal conclusions. Variances in the
  remaining questions are traceable to
  methodological differences in understanding or
  authentication of the primary textual evidence.
  Differing viewpoints sometimes exist even within
  a single school of thought.

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Mohammed Held That All the Biblical Prophets Were
Muslims

• Mohammed did accept the existence of all the
  Biblical prophets before him. However, he also
  said that all these prophets were Muslims.
  Abraham was a Muslim. In fact, Adam himself was
  the first Muslim. Isaac and Jacob and David and
  Solomon and Moses and Jesus were all Muslims, and
  all of them had writings similar to the Koran.
  Therefore, world history is Islamic history
  because all the heroes of history were Muslims.
• Furthermore, Muslims accept the fact that each of
  these prophets brought with him some kind of a
  revelation. Moses, brought the Taurat, which is
  the Torah, and Jesus brought the Ingeel, which is
  the Evangelion or Gospel namely the New
  Testament.
• Thus, there is a kinship between Muslims and Jews
  and Christians, since they are all followers of
  the Book.

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What do Muslims think about Jesus?

• Muslims respect and revere Jesus, and await his
  Second Coming. They consider him one of the
  greatest of God's messengers to mankind. A Muslim
  never refers to him simply as 'Jesus', but always
  adds the phrase 'upon him be peace'. The Quran
  confirms his virgin birth (a chapter of the Quran
  is entitled 'Mary'), and Mary is considered the
  purest woman in all creation. The Quran describes
  the Annunciation as follows

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• 'Behold!' the Angel said, 'God has chosen you,
  and purified you, and chosen you above the women
  of all nations. O Mary, God gives you good news
  of a word from Him, whose name shall be the
  Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, honored in this world
  and the Hereafter, and one of those brought near
  to God. He shall speak to the people from his
  cradle and in maturity, and shall be of the
  righteous.'
• She said 'O my Lord! How shall I have a son when
  no man has touched me?' He said 'Even so God
  creates what He will. When He decrees a thing, He
  says to it, "Be!" and it is.' (Quran, 342-7)
• Jesus was born miraculously through the same
  power which had brought Adam into being without a
  father
• Truly, the likeness of Jesus with God is as the
  likeness of Adam. He created him of dust, and
  then said to him, 'Be!' and he was. (Quran,
  359)

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• During his prophetic mission Jesus performed many
  miracles. The Quran tells us that he said
• I have come to you with a sign from your Lord I
  make for you out of clay, as it were, the figure
  of a bird, and breathe into it and it becomes a
  bird by God's leave. And I heal the blind, and
  the lepers and I raise the dead by God's leave.
  (Quran, 349)
• Neither Muhammad nor Jesus came to change the
  basic doctrine of the belief in One God, brought
  by earlier prophets, but to confirm and renew it.
  In the Quran Jesus is reported as saying that he
  came
• To attest the law which was before me. And to
  make lawful to you part of what was forbidden
  you I have come to you with a sign from your
  Lord, so fear God and obey Me. (Quran, 35O)

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• The Prophet Muhammad said
• Whoever believes there is no god but God, alone
  without partner, that Muhammad is His messenger,
  that Jesus is the servant and messenger of God,
  His word breathed into Mary and a spirit
  emanating from Him, and that Paradise and Hell
  are true, shall be received by God into Heaven.
  (Hadith from Bukhari)

The Perfect Servant
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Muslims, Jews, Christians

• Like Judaism and Christianity, every Muslim has
  to acknowledge the fact that there is only one
  God.
• But it's not enough to say that there is only one
  God. A Muslim has to acknowledge the fact that
  there is one God and Mohammed is his prophet.
  These are the fundamentals of the religion that
  without them, one cannot be a Muslim.
• But beyond that, Islam is a civilization. It is a
  religion that gave first and foremost a wide and
  unique legal system that engulfs the individual,
  society and nations with rules of behavior. If
  you are Muslim, you have to behave according to
  the rules of Islam which are set down in the
  Koran and which are very different than the
  teachings of the Bible.
• But there are more differences..

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• The Bible is the creation of the spirit of a
  nation over a very, very long period, if we talk
  from the point of view of the scholar, and let me
  remain scholarly. But there is one thing that is
  important in the Bible. It leads to salvation. It
  leads to salvation in two ways.
• In Judaism, it leads to national salvation not
  just a nation that wants to have a state, but a
  nation that wants to serve God. That's the idea
  behind the Hebrew text of the Bible.
• The New Testament that took the Hebrew Bible
  moves us toward personal salvation. So we have
  got these two kinds of salvation, which, from
  time to time, meet each other.

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• But the key word is salvation. Personal salvation
  means that each individual is looked after by
  God, Himself, who leads a person through His word
  to salvation. This is the idea in the Bible,
  whether we are talking about the Old or the New
  Testament. All of the laws in the Bible, even to
  the minutest ones, are, in fact directed toward
  this fact of salvation.
• Secondly, there is another point in the Bible,
  which is highly important. This is the idea that
  man was created in the image of God. Therefore,
  you don't just walk around and obliterate the
  image of God. Many people, of course, used
  Biblical rules and turned them upside down.
  History has seen a lot of massacres in the name
  of God and in the name of Jesus. But as
  religions, both Judaism and Christianity in their
  fundamentals speak about honouring the image of
  God and the hope of salvation. These are the two
  basic fundamentals.

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• Now let's move to the essence of Islam. Islam was
  born with the idea that it should rule the world.
  There is a difference between these three
  religions. Judaism speaks about national
  salvation namely that at the end of the story,
  when the world becomes a better place, Israel
  will be in its own land, ruled by its own king
  and serving God. Christianity speaks about the
  idea that every single person in the world can be
  saved from his sins, while Islam speaks about
  ruling the world.
• The Quran says that "Allah sent Mohammed with
  the true religion so that it should rule over all
  the religions." The idea, then, is not that the
  whole world would become a Moslem world at this
  time, but that the whole world would be subdued
  under the rule of Islam.
• When the Islamic empire was established in 634
  AD, within seven years 640 AD the core of the
  empire was created. The rules that were taken
  from the Koran and from the tradition that was
  ascribed to the prophet Mohammed, were translated
  into a real legal system. Jews and Christians
  could live under Islam provided they paid poll
  tax and accepted Islamic superiority.

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What about Muslim women?

• Islam sees a woman, whether single or married, as
  an individual in her own right, with the right to
  own and dispose of her property and earnings. A
  marriage dowry is given by the groom to the bride
  for her own personal use, and she keeps her own
  family name rather than taking her husband's.
• Both men and women are expected to dress in a way
  which is modest and dignified the traditions of
  female dress found in some Muslim countries are
  often the expression of local customs.
• The Messenger of God said
• 'The most perfect in faith amongst
  believers is he who is best in
• manner and kindest to his wife.'

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Can a Muslim have more than one wife?

• The religion of Islam was revealed for all
  societies and all times and so accommodates
  widely differing social requirements.
  Circumstances may warrant the taking of another
  wife but the right is granted, according to the
  Quran, only on condition that the husband is
  scrupulously fair. And Muhammed himself believed
  that it would be difficult for most men
  (including himself) to be fair to more than four
  wives thus four wives is the acceptable limit
  (assuming he can provide for them and treat them
  all fairly).

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Hijab - veiling

• The practice of hijab among Muslim women is one
  based on religious doctrine, although the Qur'an
  does not mandate it. Instead, it comes from the
  Hadith of Sahih Bukhari. The Hadith, the
  "tradition of Mohammed," reveals the teachings of
  the Prophet to believers.
• According to the Hadith,
• "My Lord agreed with me ('Umar) in three
  things... (2) And as regards the veiling of
  women, I said 'O Allah's Apostle!  I wish you
  ordered your wives to cover themselves from the
  men because good and bad ones talk to them.' So
  the verse of the veiling of the women was
  revealled" (Bukhari, v1, bk 8, sunnah 395).

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• Surah XXXIII, Verse 59 of the Qur'an is most
  often cited in support of veiling. It states
• "O Prophet! Tell thy wives and thy daughters and
  the women of the believers to draw their cloaks
  close around them. that will be better, so that
  they may be recognized and not annoyed. Allah is
  ever forgiving, merciful....(other versions
  translate the original Arabic as "veils" ).
• Among Muslim women, the debate about hijab takes
  many forms. Many believe that the veil is a way
  to secure personal liberty in a world that
  objectifies women. Several women have argued that
  hijab allows them freedom of movement and control
  of their bodies. Understood in such terms, hijab
  protects women from the male gaze and allows them
  to become autonomous subjects. Others have argued
  that the veil only provides the illusion of
  protection and serves to absolve men of the
  responsibility for controlling their behavior.
• Both positions assert that Islam is not
  responsible for sexism. In fact, the Qur'an
  supports the notion of gender equality.

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Just in case youre wondering

• There are similar, yet less obvious requirements
  for a Muslim male's attire.
• 1) A Muslim man must always be covered from the
  navel to the knees.
• 2) A Muslim man should similarly not wear tight,
  sheer, revealing, or eye-catching clothing.
• 3) In addition, a Muslim man is prohibited from
  wearing silk clothing (except for medical
  reasons) or gold jewelry. A Muslim woman,
  however, may wear silk or gold.

104
Is Islamic marriage like Christian marriage?

• A Muslim marriage is not a 'sacrament', but a
  simple, legal agreement in which either partner
  is free to include conditions. Marriage customs
  thus vary widely from country to country. As a
  result, divorce is not common, although it is not
  forbidden as a last resort. According to Islam,
  no Muslim girl can be forced to marry against her
  will her parents will simply suggest young men
  they think may be suitable.

105
How do Muslims treat the elderly?

• In the Islamic world there are no old people's
  homes. The strain of caring for one's parents in
  this most difficult time of their lives is
  considered an honor and blessing, and an
  opportunity for great spiritual growth. God asks
  that we not only pray for our parents, but act
  with limitless compassion, remembering that when
  we were helpless children they preferred us to
  themselves. Mothers are particularly honored the
  Prophet taught that 'Paradise lies at the feet of
  mothers'. When they reach old age, Muslim parents
  are treated mercifully, with the same kindness
  and selflessness.
• In Islam, serving one's parents is a duty second
  only to prayer, and it is their right to expect
  it. It is considered despicable to express any
  irritation when, through no fault of their own,
  the old become difficult.
• The Quran says Your Lord has commanded that you
  worship none but Him, and be kind to parents. If
  either or both of them reach old age with you, do
  not say 'uff to them or chide them, but speak to
  them in terms of honor and kindness. Treat them
  with humility, and say, 'My Lord! Have mercy on
  them, for they did care for me when I was
  little'. (1723-4)

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How do Muslims view death?

• Like Jews and Christians, Muslims believe that
  the present life is only a trial preparation for
  the next realm of existence. Basic articles of
  faith include the Day of Judgment, resurrection,
  Heaven and Hell. When a Muslim dies, he or she is
  washed, usually by a family member, wrapped in a
  clean white cloth, and buried with a simple
  prayer preferably the same day. Muslims consider
  this one of the final services they can do for
  their relatives, and an opportunity to remember
  their own brief existence here on earth. The
  Prophet taught that three things can continue to
  help a person even after death charity which he
  had given, knowledge which he had taught and
  prayers on their behalf by a righteous child.

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What about food?

• Although much simpler than the dietary law
  followed by Jews and the early Christians, the
  code which Muslims observe forbids the
  consumption of pig meat or any kind of
  intoxicating drink. The Prophet taught that 'your
  body has rights over you', and the consumption of
  wholesome food and the leading of a healthy
  lifestyle are seen as religious obligations.
• The Prophet said 'Ask God for certainty of
  faith and well-being for after certainty, no
  one is given any gift better than health!'

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Zillij Islamic Art

• Muslim mosques are rich with geometric
  ornamentation called Zillij. These patterns
  reflect basic Islamic beliefs as well as
  mathematical truths. Muslims see these patterns
  as being "discovered rather than created."
• When you study the patterns of the tiles in wall
  and floor mosaics, what do you notice about these
  arrangements? The designs are endlessly repeating
  in elaborate complexity. Looking at the whole,
  you see no center but rather an even, total, and
  unending aesthetic.
• Islamic designs convey spirituality without
  religious iconography (drawings and statues).
  Although they are intense and brilliant in color
  and design, they are impersonal and anonymous.
  Nowhere do you see the artists hand, only the
  pure form and color. These profound concepts
  reflect the Muslim understanding of God. Muslims
  believe it is a sin to reproduce the likeness of
  God or his image in man,

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Islamic artwork is not made using random,
free-choice designs, but is drawn within the
constraints of symmetry and the laws of
proportion. The basic component is a simple
shape, repeated in patterns following bilateral
or radial symmetry.
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How does Islam guarantee human rights?

• Freedom of conscience is laid down by the Quran
  itself 'There is no compulsion in religion'.
  (2256)
• The life and property of all citizens in an
  Islamic state are considered sacred whether a
  person is Muslim or not.
• Racism is incomprehensible to Muslims, for the
  Quran speaks of human equality in the following
  terms
• O mankind! We created you from a single soul,
  male and female, and made you into nations and
  tribes, so that you may come to know one another.
  Truly, the most honored of you in God's sight is
  the greatest of you in piety. God is All-Knowing,
  All Aware (4913)

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• University
• Mosque of Al
• Azhar - a center
• of learning
• since 969 AD.
• Left Mosque in
• Iran.
• Right Mosque
• in Mali.

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What does Islam say about war?(Version 1)

• Like Christianity, Islam permits fighting in
  self-defense, in defense of religion, or on the
  part of those who have been expelled forcibly
  from their homes. It lays down strict rules of
  combat which include prohibitions against harming
  civilians and against destroying crops, trees and
  livestock. As Muslims see it, injustice would be
  triumphant in the world if good men were not
  prepared to risk their lives in a righteous
  cause. The Quran says
• Fight in the cause of God against those who fight
  you, but do not transgress limits. God does not
  love transgressors. (2190)
• If they seek peace, then seek you peace. And
  trust in God for He is the One that heareth and
  knoweth all things. (861)

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• War, therefore, is the last resort, and is
  subject to the rigorous conditions laid down by
  the sacred law. The term jihad literally means
  'struggle', and Muslims believe that there are
  two kinds of jihad. The other 'jihad' is the
  inner struggle which everyone wages against
  egotistic desires, for the sake of attaining
  inner peace.

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Personal Jihad

• This is the most important form. This type of
  jihad, called the Jihadun-Nafs, is the intimate
  struggle to purify one's soul of evil influences
  -- both subtle and overt. It is the struggle to
  cleanse one's spirit of sin. Both the Qur'an and
  the Hadith use the word "jihad" to refer to
  personal struggles
• Putting "Allah ahead of our loved ones, our
  wealth, our worldly ambitions and our own lives."
  
• Resisting pressure of parents, peers and societ