The Christian Supremacy

1
The Christian Supremacy

• The Pinnacle of Papal Power and the Crusades

2
Review

• Explain Feudalism to a partner.
• What three types of people had power in the High
  Middle Ages and who especially was gaining power
  back during the early years of the High Middle
  Ages?
• What is significant about the years 1066 and
  1215?
• What is a bureaucracy?

3
Clarification

• Who has the MOST power?
• Early Middle Ages
• Powerful Nobleschoose kings, feudalism reigns
• High Middle Ages
• Powerful KingsFrench/English Kings gain power
• Powerful PopesCrusades, Investiture
• Late Middle Ages
• Powerful Kings

4
Europe in a Nutshell

• England
• Norman/English kings in control
• Fights w/the church
• France
• Capetians dominate
• Fights w/the church
• Germany/Holy Roman Empire?

5
Charlemagnes Empire
6
Holy Roman Empire (in HMA)

• What are some differences between this map and
  the previous one?
• Why have these changes occurred?
• France
• Papal States

7
Holy Roman Empire (in HMA)

• What three things made up the Holy Roman Empire?
• The Difference
• The one thing that separates France/England from
  the HRE in the HMA is that these emperors never
  centralize their power.
• Emperors not strong enough to control their
  nobles.
• Emperors lose to the popes.

8
The Popes Beat Down the Emperors

• Henry IV (HRE)
• Gregory VII (pope)
• Both want to be independent from each other.
• Investiture
• The appointing of church offices by either a king
  or pope.

9
Holy Roman Emperor Says

• Thou hast won favour from the common herd by
  crushing them thou hast looked upon all of them
  as knowing nothing, upon thy sole self, moreover,
  as knowing all thingsI, Henry, king by the grace
  of God, do say unto thee Descend, descend, to
  be damned through the ages.

10
Pope Says

• I withdraw, though Gods power and authority,
  from Henry the kingwho has risen against thy
  church with unheard insolence, the rule over the
  whole kingdom of the Germans and Italy. And I
  absolve all Christians from the bonds of the oath
  which they have made or shall make to him and I
  forbid any one to serve him as kingMay this same
  Henry, moreoverbe powerless in any warlike
  encounter and obtain no victory during his life.

11
Who wins?

• Vote
• The Winner Is
• Pope Gregory VII
• Excommunicates Henry
• Plays nobles against Henry
• Henry begs for mercy in the snow at Canossa

12
Gregory VII

• There, having put aside all the trappings of
  royalty, with bare feet and clad only in a
  wretched woolen garment, Henry continued for
  three days to stand before the castle
  gatebeseeching us with tears to grant him
  absolution and forgiveness.
• The Pope forgives Henry, controversy ends with
  compromise

13
The Hohenstaufens

• The Hohenstaufen Dynasty
• Frederick I
• Known for gaining Sicily and Southern Italy
  through marriage of his son
• Dies
• Frederick II
• First Modern King
• Loved Eastern/Muslim culture
• Spends efforts on Italy, leaves Germany to nobles
• Dies

14
Holy Roman Empire (c. 1250)

• From the map, who doesnt like the Fredericks?
  Why?
• Germany remains fractured until 1800s

15
The Height of Papal Power

• Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
• Most Powerful Pope
• Disciplined kings and emperors
• Fourth Lateran Council (clarified Christian
  teachings)
• Roman Catholic ChurchEmpire above all Empires
• Excommunication
• Interdict
• Sacramentspower over souls

16
Crusades Brainstorm

• Although the actual results of the crusades are
  hard to see, they involve important history about
  the relationship between Christians and Muslims,
  Europeans and Arabs, rich and poor.
• With a partner, brainstorm what you know about
  the following Crusade Topics (Try to get at least
  two ideas for each)
• Combatants (countries or people)
• Geography (where did they start/finish, results)
• General Information

17
The Crusades

• What?
• A series of religious wars fought between
  Christian Europeans and Arab Muslims over the
  Holy Land
• When?
• 1096-1291 A.D.
• Where?
• The Holy Land

18
The Holy Land

• Distance
• c. 2000 Miles
• 2 Routes
• Land
• Sea

19
Crusades

• Why?
• Secular Reasons
• Religious Fervor
• Forgiveness
• Goal Regain Christian lands and holy sites from
  Muslims
• Greed and Adventure
• Religious Reasons
• Expand Church Power
• Heal split between East and West
• Stop Europeans from fighting each other

20
Pope Urban IIs Call to Crusade

• Beloved brothers, I speak as a messenger to
  reveal to you Gods will. We cannot refuse at
  once to give the help we have promised to our
  brothers in the East. They now need it
  desperately. The Turks and Arabs have attacked
  them and advanced into Romania They have beaten
  the Christians seven times in battle, have killed
  and captured a large number of them, have wrecked
  their churches and laid waste to their land. If
  we do not go to help, the true servants of God in
  the East will not be able to survive.

21
Crusade Summaries

• In your rows
• Read the passage.
• Study the crusades assigned to you.
• Be ready to explain the major points of the
  crusade assigned to you.
• Cause(s)
• Path to Holy Land
• Major leaders involved
• Results
• A map and laser pointer will be provided.

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Crusades

• Did the crusades accomplish their goal?

24
Childrens Crusade

• The Childrens Crusade was a tragic event in the
  High Middle Ages. It also is a good way to
  summarize the overall feelings and results of the
  crusades.
• Read the Childrens Crusade Passage.
• Answer the question questions.

25
Crusades

• Effects of the Crusades
• Increased Trade
• Increased Power of Kings
• Increased Power of Popes
• Increased Awareness of Eastern Peoples
• Decreased good relations between Christians and
  Muslims
• Decreased power of nobles in Europe
• Decreased population of Europe (2-6 million)
• Decreased role of Feudalism in Europe