Gender Budget Initiative in IndiaEducation sector insights

1
Gender Budget Initiative in IndiaEducation
sector insights

• Manju Senapaty
• DFID India

2
Plan of Presentation

• What and Why gender budget analysis
• Tools for gender budgeting
• Gender Mainstreaming in the Government of India
• Finance Ministers Budget speech and gender
• GBI in India--GBA of the GOI Budget at the
  National level State level
• Findings from the Education sector -micro level
• Summary issues for future strategy

3
What Whygender budgets?

• Not separate budgets for women
• Why need gaps between policy pronouncements,
  resource allocation and outcomes on gender
  equality
• Gender mainstreaming of national development plans

4
Aims of Gender Budget Analysis

• Close gaps/improve links between policy
  pronouncements, resource allocation and outcomes
  on gender equality
• Key tool for sensitisation of various
  stakeholders
• Govts-tool for effective policy implementation
• CSOs Key tool for assertion of rights, through a
  participatory process of reshaping budgets.
• Can it be a tool for pro-poor human development?

5
Tools for gender budgeting

• Gender aware policy appraisal
• Beneficiary-assessment approach for public
  services delivery and budget priorities
• Public expenditure incidence analysis
• Public Revenue Incidence Analysis
• Gender Aware Budget Statement

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Gender Mainstreaming in the Government of India

• Separate Department of W CD
• Committee on Empowerment of Women constituted in
  the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
• Committee for Gender mainstreaming monitors 27
  beneficiary oriented schemes of Ministries
• Constitution (73rd and 74th Amendment) Act, 1992
  provides for 33 reservation in all three tiers
  of Panchayati Raj and ULBs

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Mainstreaming genderFMs Budget speech (00-01)

• Specific brief section empowerment of women
  Task force announced
• other references under some elements of social
  and economic infrastructure health,
  education,drinking water, housing and roads.
  Budgets for these increased.
• Development Strategy for the next decade no
  reference to empowerment of women or gender
  mainstreaming

8
GOI Budget 2002-03 and broad allocations

• Total budget outlay of GOI Rs. 4105 bn
• ( 60 bn.)
• Largest share Ministry of Finance 46, large
  interest payments
• Ministry of Defence 19
• Balance 32 for all other Ministries Depts.
  (Rural social 11)

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Work on Gender Budget Analysis in South Asia
(India)

• First Regional meeting in July 2000 in New Delhi
  India level initiatives
• Beginning Economic Survey 2001-02
• Annual Report of D/WCD 2001-02
• Sectoral programme analysis
• GBA proposed at the State level and HDRs
• Second regional meeting in Nepal, Oct 2001
• Similar work in Nepal and Sri Lanka

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Categorisation of GOI Budget for GBA

• Category I schemes explicitly mentioned as women
  specific schemes in budget allocation of
  concerned Ministries
• Category IIschemes not completely focused on
  women but schemes with components on women (GOI
  calls it pro-women schemes)
• Category III Ministries, with no explicit
  listing of women specific schemes no women
  components

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GBA--GOI Budget

• Few Ministries (6 / 45) have women exclusive
  schemes total budget outlay for such schemes
• 1 of total GOI budget.
• Some Ministries with specific woman component
  (30) schemes
• (e.g.HRDRDHFW 7.5)
• Large no. of Ministries with no women specific or
  woman component scheme. (WCD 0.5 of GOI
  Budget)

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Gender analysis of State Budgets

• Preliminary results available
• Share of Women specific and pro-women
• (Cat 1 and Cat II) schemes in state budgets
  (01-02)
• MP 2.4
• Orissa 0.7
• West Bengal 17.1

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Education Sector---Findings from Field study

• DPEP
• Contextual
• focus on female literacy
• Objectives access, equity, quality, retention
  and achievement levels (gender aware)
• Multi donor funding
• Regular JRMs (specific focus on gender gaps)

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Expenditure under DPEP-MP (2001)

• Expenditure of Rs 300 million per district over
  5/7 years of the programme
• More than 70 of exp on civil works, equipment,
  vehicles, furniture, salaries of teachers,
  additional staff and OM etc.
• Books and TLM about 10 Teacher training 7
• Community Mobilisation 2
• Direct expenditure on promoting girls education
  and empowerment-small about 3

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Education Sector---Findings from Field study
contd.

• JRMs suggest and Field study confirms
• Awareness about education increased
• VECs meetings
• Facilities improvedschool buildings, toilets
• Child friendly TLM, teachers training
• Monitoring mechanisms developed
• Enrollmernt of girls and boys increased

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BUT

• Even after 3-4 years of implementation VEC women
  members not clear about their roles (Male members
  vocal)
• Parents willing (D S Myth) but eldest daughters
  plight linked to opportunity costs of education
• In MP 79 of girls drop out because of demand
  factors sibling care (23), economic activities
  (20), financial condition (14), cattle grazing
  (13) , migration (9)but DPEP still supply
  focussed

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Outside education factors affecting education

• During initial reforms phase, PDS prices and food
  prices increasedcausing hardship for families
  (mainly for women)
• Change in work patterns of women-uncertain
• In MP, one village-drinking of men and violence
  against women major problem.
• In states like Haryanasocial beliefs (super
  power-no brain) and poverty affect girls
  more(2-3 sisters married at the same time,
  eldest daughter-sibling care) low self
  esteem-roll Roti

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Education Sector---Findings from Field study
contd.

• BAS and JRMs pick up the supply side reasons and
  initiatives
• But for demand side factorsdetailed beneficiary
  oriented impact evaluations required and
  mechanisms to feed it back into the programme.
  Influencing parents about girls education left
  to gender coordinatorswho got very small of
  the budget and last call on the vehicle for
  visits.
• For reducing gender gaps think beyond education
  box we need to go cross sectoralfactors outside
  education affect opportunity costs and demand
  side.

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Summary and Issues for future strategy--I

• Substantial effort by GOI at mainstreaming
  explicitly stated as an objective
• GBI started GOI, state and programme level but
  requires careful social audit of budgets which is
  holistic/comprehensive
• Share of budget in women exclusive schemes and
  pro-poor low-but possibility of re-orientation
  within
• How to introduce gender focus in Ministries with
  Gender-neutral schemes- especially in
  economic or growth oriented
  Ministries-Industry, Commerce, IT, Finance etc.

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Summary and Issues for future strategy--II

• II- Data requirements for gender-sensitive budget
  analysis
• Identify data requirements
• Examine existing procedures
• Identify gaps
• Establish procedures for gapsrole of CSO

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Summary and Issues for future strategy--III

• III Capacity building on GBA
• at GOI, State and local govt. level
• Participation of people, CSOs in appraising/
  critiquing existing budgets, listing priorities,
  budgets to meet their priorities, and ultimately
  feeding into state/national budgets
• Transparency of budgets
• Right to Information

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Summary and Issues for future strategy--IV

• IVDFID specific
• Greater enthusiasm in designing a programmeCan
  GBA help evaluate suggest expenditure changes
  that are appropriate (socially inclusive
  pro-poor)link with IDTs and MDGs
• Tool for involving Civil society in Public Exps.?
• Tool for cross sectoral analysis and convergence?
• What can GBA help achieve in the context of
  Direct Budgetary support and fiduciary risk? What
  should be the framework for analysis in DBS
  context ?