To%20advance%20lunar%20research,%20NASA%20Planetary%20Division%20formed%20virtual%20institutes%20(like%20NAI)%20to%20pursue%20dedicated%20theme-based%20lunar%20science%20topics - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: To%20advance%20lunar%20research,%20NASA%20Planetary%20Division%20formed%20virtual%20institutes%20(like%20NAI)%20to%20pursue%20dedicated%20theme-based%20lunar%20science%20topics


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• To advance lunar research, NASA Planetary
  Division formed virtual institutes (like NAI) to
  pursue dedicated theme-based lunar science
  topics
• Of the Moon, On the Moon, From the Moon
• LSI-Central at ARC (also run the LSI-Forum)
• Summer 2008 released the NLSI CAN
• Teams or nodes are sub-elements under LSI central
  direction
• 33 proposals/7 awards

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Key Questions For Investigation

• How did the Moon form and how did its interior
  structure arise?
• How has the impact history of the Earth-Moon
  system been recorded on the lunar surface?
• How have volcanic process on the Moon been
  initiated over lunar history and how do the
  volcanic flows reflect the interior composition?
• How have solar processes and space weather
  altered the lunar surface over time and been
  recorded in the lunar regolith?
• How will the lunar environment (e.g., dust)
  affect surface operations and influence designs
  for living on the Moon?
• What are the environmental conditions and the
  volatile content of the lunar poles?
• How will increased human activities alter the
  lunar environment?
• How can life from Earth adapt to long stays on
  the Moon?
• How can the Moon be used as a platform to advance
  important science goals in astronomy, Earth
  observation, and basic physics?

Of
On
From
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Dynamic Response of the Environment At the Moon

• Theory, modeling, data validation effort of the
  solar-lunar environment connection
• How does the highly-variable solar energy and
  matter incident at the surface interface affect
  the dynamics of lunar volatiles, ionosphere,
  plasma, and dust?
• Emphasize the dynamics solar storms and impacts
  at the Moon
• Modeling center that maintains, advances and
  integrates state-of-the-art neutral, plasma, and
  surface interaction models
• Applications to observatories

The dynamic moon Solar stimulated neutral
emission and plasma interactions
Observations of lunar sodium atmosphere
Astronaut in Shackleton
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Team Members and Organization
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The Solar-Lunar Connection
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GSFC UCB UMBC JHU/APL ARC UColo BU NMst HU SETI SS
Ai
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Impactors Small to large
DREAMs First Model
Asteroid or Comet or KBO
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Simplified Process Flow
Drivers Solar Wind Energetic Particles Magnetosph
ere Micrometeorites UV
Plasma Interaction Region Lunar Wake Magnetic
Anomalies Plasma Sheath Lofted Dust Pickup
Ions Secondary Electrons Photoelectrons
Surface Interface Charging Dust Sputtering Desorpt
ion Topography Volatiles Weathering
How big are these arrows ? Do they become
larger during disturbed periods?
Exosphere/ Ionosphere Composition Ionized
Neutrals Sources, Sinks, Transport
Aeronomy- the high density limit featuring strong
plasma-neutral connection!
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How does the highly-variable solar energy and
matter incident at the surface interface affect
the dynamics of lunar volatiles, ionosphere,
plasma, and dust?
DREAM has four supporting themes that address
this overarching question 1. Advance
understanding of the surface release and loss of
the neutral gas exosphere over small to large
spatial scales and a broad range of driver
intensities. 2. Advance understanding of the
enveloping plasma interaction region over small
to large spatial scales and over a broad range of
driver intensities. 3. Identify common links
between the neutral and plasma systems and test
these linkages by modeling extreme environmental
events. 4. Apply this new-found environmental
knowledge to guide decision-making for future
missions, assess the Moon as an observational
platform, and aid in human exploration.
DREAMs first model
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DREAM Models CCMC MHD codes of solar
wind/CMEs Monte Carlo Exosphere
(Crider/Killen) Monte Carlo Regolith
(Crider/Vondrak) Ar-40 Monte Carlo Sims
(Hodges) Neutral/surface ejection
(Sarantos/Killen) Exo-ion pickup (Hartle) Impact
Model LCROSS (Colaprete) Impact Model
Snowball (Crider) Hybrid/Kinetic plasma sims
(Krauss-Varben) Kinetic wake sim
(Farrell) Equivalent circuit model
(Farrell/Jackson) Surface charging model
(Stubbs) Dust Fountain model (Stubbs) Mie
scattering model (Glenar)
DREAM Validation Sets Direct (public domain)
WIND (Lin/Bale) GEOTAIL (Peterson) SIDE ALSEP
(Collier) LP MAG/ER (Lin) Apollo 15/16 subsat
plasma Indirect (access via co-i) ARTEMUS
(many) Kaguya PACE (Saito, Elphic) LRO (Vondrak,
Keller, Stubbs, Spence) LCROSS (Colaprete) LADEE
(Colaprete, Horanyi) Constellation (Hyatt,
Farrell, Dube)
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Approach to Objective 1- Exosphere

• -A tenuous neutral gas surrounds the moon
• -Surface Bounded Exosphere gas is collisionless
• -Composition not fully known
• -Why not more H and O based species
• -Energetics not fully understood
• -Water can be implanted or possibly created at
  surface and migrate to cold traps
• To understand this DREAM will
• -Advance models of volitization of water,
  transport, and collection in traps
• -Advance Monte Carlo exospheric models
• -Model chemical sputtering
• -Model sputtering of regolith with solar driver
• -Improve exo-ionosphere models
• -Advance impact models -gt dissipation
• - Validate (LACE, Kaguya), Prediction (LRO,
  LCROSS LADEE)

Na observations
Hodges Ar-40
Hurleys snowball
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Approach to Objective 2 Plasma Interactions
-Moon is an obstacle in outflowing solar
wind -Creates a trailing lunar wake affected by
SW dynamics that we dont know -Mini-wakes may
form along polar terrain that effect the local
electrical environment -Magnetic anomalies form
regional perturbations -Human systems are places
in this electrical environment -Dust is part of
this electrical environment To understand this
DREAM will -Advance PIC and Hybrid sims to
model wake, sheath, anomalies, and
surface -Develop models and sim of polar
mini-wake formation -Create surface cohesion
model apply to dust lifting -Advance models to
tribo-charging human systems on the
moon -Validate (LP, SIDE, Kaguya), Prediction
(LRO, LCROSS, LADEE, Exploration)
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Approach to Objective 3 Cross-Integration
and Extremes
The lunar atmosphere and plasma systems treated
mostly as independent their communities are
separate entities -New recognition that there are
common ties -DREAM emphasizes that
integration -Will hold a set of summits to merge
exosphere models with plasma models/sims -first
Lunar Aeronomy
Polar Shadowed Craters Impacts
Human Contamination
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Impact Integrated Model How does an impact
dissipate in the lunar environment?
ARC Impact Code
WIND, ACE
nn, vn, nd, vd ni, vi?, Qd
Solar Wind
Monte Carlo Exo
nn, vn,
Dust Emission/ Absorption
EEI
Charge Exchange
ni, vi, ne,ve
ni, vi, ne,ve
Photoion Stub
ni, vi, ne,ve nd, vd, Qd
ni, vi, ne,ve
Hybrid Code

• Derive dissipation rate
• like a comet, Enceladus
• ID processes like Mars
• Apply to human base, large impact

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Integration Focal Point
Lunar Extreme Workshops (LEWs)
Will test sets of models as a system under
environmental extremes in a coordinated workshop
environment -Solar Storms Mock storm on Moon
that affects sputtering, exo-ions, surface
charging, and Shackleton resources and
charging -Impacts Mock impact to determine
the evolution of gas and dust in surrounding
environment. Consider small and moderate sized
impacts and obtain dissipation process/rates
E/PO Have students participate directly in
activity and be part of the action. Integration
of young scientists as well.
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DREAM- LUNAR Common Topic 1 Surface Charging
and affect on ROLSS

• Antenna designed to be thin and roll out on
  surface
• However, surface charging and near-surface
  E-fields may actually force the antenna to
  levitate
• Analogous to dust lofting
• ROLSS have an electrometery element
• ROLSS not just radio astronomy but for
  environmental study as well

DREAM Connection point Stubbs/Farrell
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DREAM- LUNAR Common Topic 2 Scattered UV/Vis
from Lofted Dust

• Does a lunar-based telescope see a noiseless
  background?
• Suspected lofted dust may scatter the light
• Need- dust lofting amount and scattering models
• DREAM can help!

McCoy 0 Model 1976
Murphy and Vondrak, unpublished
DREAM Connection point Stubbs/Glenar
LADEE signal is observatory contamination
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DREAM- LUNAR Common Topic 3 LASER Ranging and
Dust Detection

• Dust may be lofted and transport
• Can LR systems see any dust-related degradation
  in signal over time?
• Geologists vs Electrodynamicists

From Stubbs et al., 2006
DREAM Connection point Stubbs
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DREAM- LUNAR Common Topic 4 Dark Ages and
Platform-to-Space Environment

• Dipole for Dark Ages study on spacecraft or on
  lunar surface has its own challenges
• Far side great way to remove Earth noise
• BUT carry Platform RFI with the D-A Observatory
• Observing in THE most extreme plasma environment
  - lunar anti-solar point
• Platform ground connected to variable low density
  wake plasma
• Solar storm -0.4 to -4 kV in 20 min Halekas
  et al., 2007
• Inter-platform current discharge
• ADCs susceptible to more noise

Bowman et al 2008
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Halekas et al, 2005
DREAM Connection point Halekas
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DREAM- LUNAR Common Topic 5 How would any
observatoy handle extreme events?

• Solar storms surface potential and radiation
• Impacts vapor and particulates
• Human Activity create its own gas cloud

DREAM connection point LEWs
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Conclusion

• DREAM LSI team focus is on the solar-lunar
  connection and the associated harsh environment
• A number of great connection points to the LUNAR
  LSI node
• Next step identify a person from each team and
  let them have at these problems
• Share a post-doc?

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Approach to Objective 2 Plasma Interactions

• Dont know
• -The morphology of the lunar wake with SW
• The plasma flow near a mag anomaly and effect on
  local lunar weathering
• The electrostatic of the lunar polar region and
  especially within PSCs (topo mini-wakes)
• Micro-electrostatics of lifted dust
• Micro-electrostatics of objects immersed in
  sheaths
• Approach
• -Advance PIC and Hybrid sims to model wake,
  sheath, anomalies, and surface
• -Develop models and sim of polar mini-wake
  formation
• -Create surface cohesion model apply to dust
  lifting
• -Advance models to tribo-charging human systems
  on the moon
• -Validate (LP, SIDE, Kaguya), Prediction (LRO,
  LCROSS, LADEE)

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Approach to Objective 1- Exosphere

• Dont know
• -How volatile water forms, migrates, and collects
  at poles
• -The full inventory of neutral species
• -The processes of energetic surface ejection
• -The exo-ionosphere formation and evolution
• -The effect and evolution of impacts
• - The effect of human system outgassing
• Approach
• -Advance models of volitization of water,
  transport, and collection in traps
• -Advance Monte Carlo Exospheric models
• -Model chemical sputtering
• -Model sputtering of regolith with solar driver
• -Improve exo-ionosphere models
• -Advance impact models
• - Validate (LACE, Kaguya), Prediction (LRO,
  LCROSS LADEE)

Na observations
Hodges Ar-40
Criders snowball
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Solar Storm/Lunar Integrated-Modeling (SSLIM)
Wind, ACE, CCMC storm models
EUV, xrays, nsw, Tsw, f(u), energ part.
Sputtering models
Analytical/PIC Surface Current Balance
Mag Anomaly Hybrid model
Desorption
Meteoroid flux
nsw (B), Tsw(B) gyro-radius
nneut, fn(v)
num, rum, vum,
nneut, fn(v)
fsurface
Monte Carlo
fsurface
nsputterions fsputterions(v)
PIC/Hybrid Global Moon SW/Exo-ion/Wake Interaction
nh, fh,
Dust Lift and Transport
Coma Nn, Rn
Regolith Conversion
nd,vd
Exosphere dissipation rates
Photo- ionize
nphotoions fphotoions(v)
nh2o, fh2o,
Coma Ni, Ri
Mini-wake
Dust lift
Given a storm, how long does the moon stay
excited or reactive following a storm?
Cold Trap Resources
Equivalent Circuit (rove and fixed)
Regional Polar Models