The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System

• Chapter 13

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Pollution. What is it?
Air pollution in London
1st and Last Image

• What is it?
• What causes it?
• How does it effect us?
• What body systems does it effect?

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Air Pollution has direct links to

• Cancer
• Birth defects
• Genetic Mutations
• Asthma complications
• Pollution related premature deaths due to
  breathing difficulties.

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Problems with Air Pollution

• Decrease in the Ozone layer
• Cataracts
• __________________
• Lung burn
• Increase in Global Warming
• More CO2 in the ocean
• __________of Ocean increasing

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General Overview of the Respiratory system.

• General Function
• Take air from outside the body and bring it into
  the lungs.
• Filters
• Exchanges
• Removes

O2 in The lungs
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What is Respiration?

• The general process of taking air from the
  outside and bringing it to the body cells
• Used for cellular respiration in the
  mitochondria- ________________

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How can pollution effect the lungs?

• Watch, take notes and see!

Pollution in the lungs
Effect on Alveoli
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Review How does Air get into the lungs and then
to the body?

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The Organs of the Respiratory System

• Nose
• Made of cartilage, anchored by bone and
  cartilage.- never stops growing.
• Nostrils-
  Problem Deviated Septum ________
  _______________________________
• Nostrils have hair

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Pharynx

• Located dorsal to the Nasal Cavity but superior
  to the Larynx.
• Fork in the road.
• Intubation-

Intubation
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The pharynx as a common pathway for food and air.
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The Larynx

• Enlarged area atop the trachea.
• Made of muscle and cartilage which is bound
  together by elastic tissue.
• Contains the vocal cords.
• Sound is produced
• Words are formed

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Normal vocal chords to the left. Smokers vocal
chords to right.
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The Trachea
Cilia tiny hairs Trapped particles - dust,
pollen, pollution

• AKA the Windpipe
• Flexible 2.5 cm diameter tube. Starts from below
  the larynx continuing downward until it splits
  into 2 bronchi.
• Inner walls contain ciliated mucous membranes
  which trap particles. The trapped particles are
  pushed up into the pharynx for removal (cough)

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The cilia sweep the mucous trapped particles to
the nose.

• .

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More on the Trachea

• Made of C-shaped pieces of cartilage.
• When food enters the esophagus, it pushes against
  the trachea- the soft tissue allows it to
  collapse, and the C-shaped pieces of cartilage
  provide enough support to prevent the
  _______________________________.
• Try swallowing and taking a breath at the same
  time. Why is this difficult? _____________________
  ______________

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The Bronchial Tree

• From the trachea to the left and right lung.
• The trachea branches into the Right and Left
  Primary bronchus.
• Then branches into secondary and finally tertiary
  bronchi ultimately leading to the bronchiole and
  the Alveoli.
• Alveoli are surrounded by ________(where
  __________________ takes place).

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Review Quiz
Are you ready?
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How do you Breath?

• Inspiration ___________ and external
  _______________contract, the size of the thoracic
  cavity increases. Internal pressure 758
• Expiration Diaphragm and external intercostals
  relax, the size of the _____________cavity
  decreases. Internal pressure 762.
• ATM Atmospheric Pressure 760

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Pons and Medulla control center of breathing.
Location Brain Stem

• .

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Read pg. 400-401Old Textbook

• What are The bends?
• What is Nitrogen narcosis?
• Why can scuba diving be dangerous?
• How can you minimize these dangers?

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What can be done if the lung is punctured?

• Pressure must be reestablished or the patient
  will not be able to breath.
• Use a piece of plastic, preferably square, to
  cover the wound.
• Tape down _________ of the four sides.
• This allows for _______ and ________ to leave on
  the exhale but traps air during the inhale.

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Diseases

• Take Notes of
• Symptoms
• Observations
• Treatments
• Prognosis

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Asthma coughed up mucous plug
Better Asthma Link
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Emphysema Enlarged bubble-like air sacks.

• .

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Emphysema Normal (L), Diseased (R)
Carbon spots from pollution.
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Tuberculosis TB/ Consumption
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Compare a healthy lung (L) to a cancerous lung (R)
Carbon spots from pollution.
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Oat Cell Carcinoma no surgical cure,
infiltrates, less 5 survival .
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Asbestos Microscopic image in lung, body coats
it with Ca and Fe
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Notice the build up of scar tissue in the lower
lung and the cancerous mass.
No cure. Treatment is prevention of respiratory
illness and careful examination by X-ray for
cancer. Oxygen therapy helps as lungs loose
elasticity.
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How has pollution influenced the previous
diseases?

• Asthma
• Emphysema
• Carcinoma
• Asbestos
• TB
• What can you do if you are inflicted and live in
  a polluted area?

Pollution in the lungs
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What can be done?

• Replacement of the internal combustion engine
• Elimination of the use of fossil fuels
• The Kyoto Protocol or Kyoto Treaty
• City planning and mass transit.
• Reduced emissions from industry and auto.

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Your Job

• You have One week to write a two page paper on
  one of these pollution solutions.
• The paper must
• Pros and Cons of each
• What you think is the best solution from the
  facts.
• Double spaced, Typed, Grammatically correct
• References NO PLAGERIZATION!!!- or you will
  earn a zero.