The Rise and Fall of New France

1
The Rise and Fall of New France
2
New France

• Early 1600s
• France
• Near Quebec
• Fur and fish trading
• Missionary
• Person who teachers their religion to others who
  have different beliefs

3
North America Important Areas for the French
4
How the French Settlers saw Nouvelle France
5
Symbols of New France in Canada Today
The white Bourbon Flag (flag of the Royal House
of France) of New France
Flag of Quebec
Stylized Flower becomes a symbol of French Kings
IRIS FLOWER
Canadian Coat of Arms
6
French Exploration

• In 1524, France sent Giovanni Verrazano to find
  the Northwest Passage to Asia.
• He discovered that North America was not an
  archipelago of islands, but a continent.

7
Jacques Cartier

• In 1534, France sent Jacques Cartier to find the
  Northwest Passage.
• He reached the Gaspé Peninsula, which he claimed
  for France.
• He also kidnapped two Iroquoians, Taignoagny and
  Domagaya, and brought them back to France to
  learn French so that they could guide him when
  they returned.

8
Cartiers Second Voyage

• The next year, Cartier arrived in Canada, an
  Iroquoian word meaning village that Cartier
  thought was the name of the area around the St.
  Lawrence.
• He explored the St. Lawrence River, visiting
  Stadacona and Hochelaga.
• The rapids west of Hochelaga, which he named La
  Chine (China), prevented him from travelling
  further.

9
(No Transcript)
10
Cartier fails

• Cartiers men spent the winter at Stadacona,
  where 25 men died of scurvy.
• Donnacona, the chief of Stadacona, showed Cartier
  how to make Vitamin C-rich tea from spruce bark
  and needles, saving many lives.
• To thank him, Cartier kidnapped Donnacona and
  took him to France, where Donnacona died.
• As a result, the Iroquois refused to trade with
  the French, and Cartiers colony failed.
• The French would not try to settle in North
  America for another sixty years.

11
Early French settlements

• In 1600, Pierre de Chauvin and François Gravé
  established a French fur trading post at
  Tadoussac.
• In 1603, Pierre Du Gua de Monts founded a
  settlement at Port Royal (present day Nova
  Scotia).

12
Samuel de Champlain

• The settlement failed in 1607 when de Monts lost
  his royal fur trading license.
• In 1608, de Monts assistant, Samuel de
  Champlain, founded a colony in Quebec City.

13
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

• 1567 1635
• Skilled Geographer and Cartographer
• Believed in colonization when the French were
  only interested in trade and making a profit
• Forged relationships with the Mikmaq and Huron
  peoples

14
ACADIA

• Modern day Nova Scotia and surrounding area
• Situated in an attractive location for a
  permanent trading post
• Had a deep enough harbour for ships
• Very fertile farm land
• Defendable against attack

15
ACADIA

• In 1604, Champlain set up a settlement there
• Unusually harsh winter that year
• Settlers suffered from scurvy (lack of vitamin C)
• Nearly half of the settlement died that winter
• Colony was moved further inland
• French claims on Acadia did not stop

16
Quebec

• Founded July 3, 1608 by Champlain
• One of oldest European settlements in N.A.
• At the spot where 2 waterways meet
• The St. Lawrence
• The Saint-Charles River
• In this period, these rivers are the only means
  of transportation

17
Quebec

• Quebec is situated on a 90 m high cliff over the
  St. Lawrence (Upper Town is 90m, Lower Town
  meets the water)
• The St. Lawrence narrows in front of Quebec
• This is why the natives called the place
  Kenebec, which means narrow passage.
• This makes it easier to see enemy boats if you
  are posted at the top of the cliff

18
Huron Alliance

• Huron peoples became allies with the French
• Huron traded farm produce to aboriginal hunters
  for furs
• Huron then traded furs to the French for European
  goods
• Champlain allied with the Huron and helped them
  attack and defeat the Iroquois in 1609 at the
  battle of Ticonderoga Point south of Quebec
• Iroquois had no guns during this battle
• 3 Iroquois chiefs were picked off by French
  muskets

19
Alliances with First Nations

• Champlain made alliances with the Algonquins and
  Montagnais that lived near Quebec, as well as
  with the Wendat, whom the French called Hurons,
  and who controlled most of the territory around
  the Great Lakes.
• Champlain sent coureurs de bois like Étienne
  Brulé to live with the Wendat, trade with them,
  marry their women and explore their territory.
• In addition to the coureurs de bois, the French
  also sent Jesuit missionaries to live with the
  Hurons.
• The Hurons did not want the missionaries, but the
  French made this a condition of trading.

20
The Fur Trade

• Huron and Iroquois had wars over the fur trade
• Iroquois acquired guns from the Dutch
• Huron acquired guns from the French

21
The Fur Trade

• Fashion trend in Europe in the late 1500s
  beaver skin hats
• Felt from beaver skin could be moulded into many
  different shapes
• Beaver hats were purchased well into the 1800s
• The beaver became a cultural symbol of Canadian
  heritage and was immortalized on the 5 cent piece

22
The Company of 100 Associates

• Cardinal Richelieu of France wants to settle New
  France with settlers and to convert the
  Aboriginal people to Catholicism
• Company founded in 1627 consisting of 100
  investors
• Company was given seigneurial ownership of New
  France and exclusive trading rights for furs
• Company had to bring 200-300 settlers to New
  France in 1628
• 4000 more Roman Catholics were to be brought over
  in the next 15 years. No Protestant settlers
  were allowed.

23
The Seigneurial System

• Land in New France divided into narrow strips
  along St. Lawrence River
• Land belonged to King of France
• Land maintained by landlord or Seigneur
• Landlords tenants (Habitants) worked the land
  and paid taxes to the Seigneur
• Seigneurs never really owned the land
• They were responsible for building roads and
  mills for the King (work done by the Habitants)
• System was unsuccessful at bringing in
  substantial settlement

24
(No Transcript)
25
Huron-Iroquois Wars

• Exposure to European diseases such as measles and
  smallpox reduced the Hurons population from
  40,000 to 12,000 between 1634-1640.
• The Hurons were further weakened by divisions
  between Christian and non-Christian Hurons, and
  addiction to alcohol introduced by French
  traders.
• In wars over fur trading territories, the Hurons
  were easily defeated by the Iroquois, who were
  armed with muskets acquired from their Dutch
  allies.
• Surviving Hurons abandoned their territory and
  relocated to Wendake, near Quebec City.

26
Colonization of New France

• In 1627, control of New France was given to the
  Company of a Hundred Associates.
• The company set up seigneuries along the St.
  Lawrence River, feudal-style manors given to
  settlers.
• Peasant farmers who lived on the seigneuries were
  known as habitants.
• Montréal was founded in 1642 by the Société de
  Notre-Dame de Montréal, as a Catholic mission
  originally known as Ville-Marie.

27
A Royal Colony

• In 1660, the company lost its trading monopoly,
  and New France became a royal colony.
• The first administrator was Jean Talon.
• He brought hundred of young women, known as
  filles du roi from France to marry the mostly
  male settlers.

28
Continued Exploration

• The French continued to explore the North
  American interior in the 1650s Pierre Radisson
  and Médart de Groseilliers explored the Western
  Great Lakes.

29
Along the Mississippi

• In the 1670s traders such as Louis Jolliet and
  Jacques Marquette began exploring the territory
  along the Ohio, Illinois and Mississippi rivers.
• René Robert Cavalier de la Salle was the first
  European to reach the mouth of the Mississippi
  River in the Gulf of Mexico in 1782.

30
The Great Peace of Montreal

• For most of the seventeenth century, New France
  was at war with the Five Nations Confederacy of
  the Iroquois.
• The Five Nations were the most powerful First
  Nations in the St. Lawrence/Great Lakes region,
  and were allied with the Dutch and later the
  English.
• In the 1670s and 1680s the French negotiated
  treaties with the Five Nations enemies to the
  west, such as the Miami and the Illinois.
• In 1701, over 1300 delegates representing 40
  nations, including the Five Nations and the
  French, signed a peace treaty in Montreal.

31
French-English Wars

• The French and English fought four wars in North
  America.
• From 1689-1697, King Williams War was fought
  between the French, English and their First
  Nation allies in Canada, Acadia and New England.
• From 1704-1713 the French and their Spanish
  allies in Florida fought against the British in a
  war from Newfoundland to Florida.
• In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht gave the British
  control of Acadia.

32
The Expulsion of the Acadians

• After the British conquered Acadia in 1713, the
  Acadians refused to sign an oath of loyalty to
  Britain, but they promised to remain neutral in
  the event of war.
• In 1755, following the outbreak of the Seven
  Years War, the British decided to expel the
  Acadians.

33
Le Grand Dérangement

• 11,500 Acadians were deported (3/4 of the Acadian
  population of Nova Scotia), and one-third died at
  sea.
• The rest settled in the Thirteen Colonies, France
  and England, and many eventually made their way
  to Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns.

34
The Seven Years War

• King Georges War fought between Britain and
  France, 1744-1748.
• In 1755, the Seven Years War began as a result of
  conflict over the Ohio Valley.
• In 1758, the British under Gen. Wolfe captured
  the fortress of Louisbourg, which allowed British
  ships to enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

35
The Conquest of New France

• In 1760, the British and French armies met on the
  Plains of Abraham.
• Both Wolfe and the French General Montcalm were
  killed in the battle.
• The British won, and Quebec surrendered.
• Montréal was captured the same year.
• The Treaty of Paris in 1763 declared New France
  to be a British possession.

36
The Plains of Abraham by George Campion
37
Astrolabe

• http//cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/AtHomeAstronomy/activi
  ty_07.html