Chapter 23 The Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II 1929-1945

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Chapter 23 The Great Depression, the New Deal,
and World War II1929-1945

• Section 1 Texas and the Great Depression
• Section 2 Texans Look for a New Deal
• Section 3 World War II Brings Change to Texas
• Pages 474-493

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Section 1Texans Go To War

• Objectives
• Identify and describe the Great Depression
• Analyze the impact of national and international
  events on the production of goods and services in
  Texas
• Analyze the effects of physical and human factors
  on Texas during the Great Depression
• Terms/Names
• Stock, stockholder, speculate, crash, Black
  Tuesday, Great Depression, Herbert Hoover,
  unemployment rate, Dust Bowl

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Section 1 Summary

• The stock market crashed in 1929.
• Affected the whole US (including Texas)
• This time in history is known as the Great
  Depression
• During this time, many people were out of work
  and they needed help

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Dark Days of October
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From Boom to Bust (3 slides)

• 1920s were good time for US businesses but not
  farming
• Crop prices fell
• Banks went out of business because farmers could
  not pay debts
• Other businesses that didnt do well
• Railroads
• Coal Mines
• Textile Industries

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From Boom to Bust, cont

• In 1920s, many people invested in the Stock
  Market
• Companies sell stock (shares in their companies)
  to raise money and grow
• Stock ownership in a corporation, usually
  divided into shares
• If the company does well, the stockholders get
  their money back from their investmentsusually
  make more money
• Stockholder owner of the stock

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From Boom to Bust, cont

• In 1920s, people began to speculate on the stock
  marketthey risked their money hoping that prices
  would rise quicklythen they would sell the stock
  and make a quick profit
• Speculate to buy or sell stock in hopes of
  making money from changes in the stock market
• Other people used credit to buy stock they really
  couldnt afford (buying on margin)
• For a few years, rising prices as companies grew
  made a lot of people rich
• But, then the Stock Market crashed (October,
  1929)
• Crash a sudden decline or failure

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The Stock Market Crash of 1929 (2 slides)

• Thursday, October 24, 1929
• Stock holders sold a lot of stock (13 million
  shares).Prices fell
• Friday, October 25-Saturday, October 26, 1929
• To balance the falling prices, banks bought
  stocksprices fell again
• Monday, October 28
• Prices fell again
• Tuesday, October 29, 1929
• Stock holders sold more stocktrying to not lose
  any more money (16 million shares)
• So much money was lost on this daybecame known
  as Black Tuesday

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Stock Market Crash, cont

• After Black Tuesday, stock prices kept falling
  and people/banks lost 26 billion dollars
• Prices of stock were lower than people bought
  them forno way to make money on them
• People couldnt pay debts
• Banks ran out of moneypeople lost all money they
  had in banks
• Factories, stores, businesses closed
• People lost jobs

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The Great Depression (2 slides)

• Lasted from 1929-beginning of WWII longest and
  worst economic depression in US history
• People lost homes and farms
• About ¼ of US workers didnt have jobs
• At first, Texas was not as bad off as other parts
  of the country not as many Texans had invested
  in the stock market, still more farmers, etc
• Unemployment Rate wasnt as high in Texas as in
  the North
• Unemployment Rate the percentage of people who
  are out of work

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The Great Depression, cont

• But as depression years continued, Texans
  couldnt sell as much cottonprices dropped and
  less demand
• By 1933, many Texas businesses closed and many
  Texans were out of work

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Images of Depression
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Cities Try to Help Texans Cope

• People ran out of money
• State couldnt help much
• So, city governments and civic organizations
  stepped in to help
• In Dallas/Ft. Worthcity chambers of commerce
  sponsored gardening projects to help people grow
  food
• Some cities had plays/musicals to help raise
  money
• Some city governments paid Texans to build parks,
  buildings, clean up cities, work on streets and
  sewers, etc
• Some cities allowed homeless Texans to live in
  public buildings
• But eventually even money for these type of
  things ran out

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Drought and Dust Torment Rural Texans (2 slides)

• Bad draught hit Great Plains area of US in mid
  1930s (around1935)
• Since the farmers couldnt grow crops, the fields
  were just dirt
• Then, the wind began to blow and dust covered
  everything call black blizzards
• So strong it blast the paint off cars
• Blocked sunlight for hours
• Killed animals and damaged peoples eyes and
  lungs

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Drought and Dust, cont

• Between 1935-1937, things were so bad in Texas
  Panhandle that 1/3 of farm families leftsame
  thing going on in OK, KS, CO, NM
• This region became known as the Dust Bowl

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America Dust and Depression
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Dust Bowl Years
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The Dust Bowl
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Women and Minorities Face Hard Times (2 slides)

• Depression years were especially hard on women,
  African Americans, and Hispanics
• Minorities fired to free up job for white person
• Women teachers were fired if husband had job
• White men had priority on jobs
• Many African American men/families were homeless

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Women/Minorities, cont

• So, many African Americans joined the Democratic
  Party and the NAACPthis group worked to end
  discrimination
• Hispanics were denied monetary help
• They ended up leaving Texas
• In 1929, LULAC was formed (League of United Latin
  American Citizens)
• Helped Hispanics in Texas and helped to end
  discrimination

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Minorities During the Depression
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Section 2Texans Look for a New Deal

• Objectives
• Analyze how New Deal reforms affected Texas
• Identify the leadership qualities of governors of
  Texas during the 1930s
• Explain how the Centennial Exposition of 1936
  reflected the wide variety of people who lived in
  Texas
• Terms/Names
• Franklin D. Roosevelt, John Nance Garner, New
  Deal, Sam Rayburn, WPA, NYA, CCC, AAA, Ma
  Ferguson, James Allred, centennial

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Section 2Summary

• After the Great Depression, President Roosevelts
  New Deal provided jobs, etc
• But, the economy was slow to recover
• To cheer up the Texans, the state threw a giant
  party to celebrate the Texas centennial

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Roosevelt Offers a New Deal (2 slides)

• In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt (democrat) was
  elected president of US (defeated republican
  Herbert Hoover)
• VP was John Nance Garner
• nicknamed Cactus Jack from Texas
• President Roosevelt promised Americans that
  better days were coming (that Depression would
  end)
• Campaign Song Happy Days are Here Again

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New Deal, cont

• Roosevelt passed new laws and created new
  programs
• To create jobs and improve the economy
• Program was called the New Deal
• Famous Texans during these years
• Sam Rayburn US Congressman
• Helped pass laws that outlawed the actions that
  led to Great Depression
• Jesse Jones
• Directed Reconstruction Finance Corporation
  which gave money to banks and corporations to get
  business started again
• Created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance
  Corporation)
• Insures the money that people deposit into
  banksso people wont lose money if banks fail

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Programs Put Texans to Work

• 2 New Deal Programs helped Texans
• WPA Works Progress Administration
• PWA Public Works Administration
• Gave people jobs building buildingsschools, post
  offices, hospitals, etc
• Gave writers, musicians, and artists jobs
• Texans worked for these agencies from 1935-1943
• Built River Walk in San Antonio
• Built San Jacinto Monument
• Built dams on lakes
• Wrote travel guides, performed plays, painted
  murals, etc

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Providing Jobs for Youth

• NYA National Youth Administration
• Supported by Lyndon B. Johnson
• Gave jobs to young people aged 16-25
• Worked in offices, libraries, schools
• Built playgrounds and roadside parks
• CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
• Young people worked from 1933-1942
• Earned 30.00/month
• Built dams, state parks, helped to fight floods
  if needed, helped preserve farmland, etc

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Helping Farmers

• New Deal programs helped farmers
• Programs to help soil conservation programs
• AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration
• Paid farmers to plant fewer acres of
  cropsproduced less/prices went up
• Soil Conservation Service, AAA, CCC
• Taught farmers how to keep soil from blowing away
• Helped farmers plant trees
• Helped create ponds/reservoirs to collect water

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Ma Ferguson Returns

• Regardless of New Deal programs, things were
  still tough in Texas
• In 1932, Ma Ferguson elected again for governor
  (replaced Governor Ross Sterling)
• Cut state spending
• Cut taxes on many things except for oil tax
• She also did some corrupt things
• Gave federal relief funds to friends/political
  supporters
• Fired some of the Texas Rangersreplaced them
  with some of her friends/supporters

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An Era of Lawlessness

• Crime nationwide increased during Depression
  years
• In Texaslots of killing and crime
• George Machine Gun Kelly
• Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
• Texas Rangers tracked them down
• Killed by lawman Frank Hamer
• 1934, Texas elected new governor tired of
  corrupt ways of Ma Ferguson
• James V. Allred
• Created Department of Public Safety
• Created Texas Employment Commission

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Texas Celebrates Its Centennial

• 1936 Texas celebrated 100 years (Centennial) of
  freedom from Mexico
• Centennial one-hundredth anniversary
• Wanted a big celebration
• Built Fair Park in Dallas for 25 million
• Housed 50 buildings
• Cavalcade of Texas (showed 4 centuries of life in
  Texas)
• Hall of Negro Life
• Called Texas Centennial Exposition
• Site of first Worlds Fair in the Southwest
• Construction provided jobs for many Texans

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Section 3World War II Brings Changes to Texas

• Objectives
• Describe the contributions of Texans during World
  War II
• Analyze the economic impact of World War II on
  Texas
• Analyze the social impact of World War II on
  Texas
• Terms/Names
• Doris Miller, Dwight D. Eisenhower, valor,
  Chester W. Nimitz, Oveta Culp Hobby,
  Congressional Medal of Honor, Audie Murphy

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Section 3 Summary

• The end of the Great Depression happened when the
  government started spending more money during
  World War II
• Many Texans contributed in many ways during the
  waron the battlefield and at home
• When World War II started, the Great Depression
  ended

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The World at War Again (3 slides)

• Great Depression affected other countries as well
  as the US
• In some countries, dictators rose up and said
  they could make life better
• Once they were in power, they started attacking
  other countries
• This started World War II
• World War II 1939-1945
• US entered into World War II 1941

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The World at War Again, cont

• Allies
• Great Britain, France, Soviet Union
• Axis
• Germany, Italy, Japan
• US entered war when Japan dropped bomb on Pearl
  Harbor on December 7,1941
• US sided with the Allies
• US declared war on Japan first then added Germany
  and Italy a few days later

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The World at War Again, cont

• 750, 000 Texans served in World War II
• Including 12, 000 women
• Demand for goods for the war helped Texas
  businesses
• Dallas/Ft. Worth built airplanes
• Texas Gulf Coast towns launched warships and
  cargo vessels
• Texas oil helped with fuel

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The War Effort in Texas (2 slides)

• Texas trained many soldiers
• Had 15 major military bases
• Had 40 airfields
• Naval flight training base in Corpus Christi was
  largest in world
• Texas had prisoner-of-war camps
• 50, 000 prisoners-of-war
• Prisoners worked on farms and military bases to
  help Allies

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The War Effort in Texas, cont

• Texans sacrificed with food
• They planted Victory Gardens
• They bought war bonds
• They collected scrap iron and old tires
• Women worked while men were at war
• See Women in the Workforce on p. 489

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A Bounty of Texas Heroes (3 slides)

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Born in Texas lived most of life in Denison, TX
• Supreme Allied Commander General
• Planned D-Day into Normandy, France in 1944
• Accepted Germanys surrender in 1945
• Elected presidentmainly due to his valor during
  the war
• Valor personal bravery

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Bounty of Texas Heroes, cont

• Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
• Commander of Pacific Fleet
• Turned back Japanese navy
• Was present when Japanese surrendered about the
  USS Missouri on September 2, 1945
• Oveta Culp Hobby
• Wife of former Texas Governor, William Hobby
• Colonel of Womens Army Corp (WAC)
• Joined Navy, Coast Guard, and Marines
• Served as Womens Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
• Provided air support for Allies

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Dwight Eisenhower
Chester Nimitz
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Oveta Culp Hobby
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OL_Hobby_1943.jpg
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Bounty of Texas Heroes, cont

• 22,000 Texans died in World War II
• Many Texans received medals and commendations for
  bravery
• 30 Texans received the Congressional Medal of
  Honor highest award given for bravery beyond
  call of duty
• Johnnie Hutchins (US Navy)
• Saved ship from a torpedo
• Steered ship out of torpedos pathdied holding
  on the wheel of the ship
• Had a ship named after him

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Diverse Groups Unite in the War Effort

• Minority Texans received honors
• 5 Medal of Honor recipients were Hispanic
• An Hispanic doctor, Dr. Hector Garcia, received
  the Bronze Star and 6 battle stars
• African Americans won medals
• Doris Miller (a man)
• Awarded the Navy Cross
• Manned a machine gun at Pearl Harbor and KIA
• Navy named a ship after him
• Cuba Gooding, Jr. played Miller in the 2001
  movie, Pearl Harbor
• Leonard Harmon
• Died while protecting a wounded ship mate
• Awarded the Navy Cross
• In 1943, was first African American to have a
  ship named after himthe USS Harmon

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Congressional Medal of Honor US Army
Doris Miller
Johnnie Hutchins
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Audie Murphy

• Most decorated soldier in war
• US Army
• Received 33 awards
• Received every US medal for valor
• Received the Medal of Honor
• During a battle in France, he jumped into a
  burning tanker ship, took control of the ships
  guns, and killed or wounded 50 enemy soldiers,
  stopped an enemy tank
• From Farmersville, TX
• 35 miles northeast of Dallas
• Became an actor

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Texas After the War

• World War II ended in 1945
• US President Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Serving his 4th term
• He died in office
• VP Harry Truman took over as President
• Texas made the gradual change from a rural state
  to an urban state
• More sophisticated
• More dependent on industry and not as much on
  farming
• African Americans, Hispanics, and women were
  determined to have equal rights

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Picture Sources

• http//www.amfirstbooks.com/IntroPages/ToolBarTopi
  cs/Articles/Featured_Authors/Smith,_W._Leon/2010/A
  rt/Army_Congressional_Medal_of_Honor.gif
• http//www.navsource.org/archives/06/images/360/06
  36001.jpg
• http//www.navsource.org/archives/06/images/360/06
  36004.jpg
• http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g400000/
  g408456.jpg
• http//www.warfoto.com/1audie.jpg
• http//www.military-money-matters.com/images/audie
  -murphy.jpg