Title: Global Involvements and World War I
1Chapter 19
- Global Involvements and World War I
- 1902-1920
2Introduction
- We will focus on U.S. foreign policy from 1902 to
1920 - Concentrating on U.S. involvement in WWI
- Why did the United States enter WWI in 1917?
- How did U.S. participation in WWI affect
Americans at home? - During the war, how did the role of govt. in the
U.S. economy and in peoples lives generally
change? - What part did President Wilson play in creating
the League of Nations, and why did the U.S.
Senate reject U.S. membership in the organization?
3Wilson and Latin America
- Wilson criticized Republican expansionism
- But he proved just as interventionist in Latin
America as Roosevelt and Taft - Wilson ordered marines to occupy the Dominican
Republic and Haiti - To keep order and create a favorable climate for
American investors - They stayed in D.R. until 1924
- And in Haiti until 1934
- Wilson repeatedly intervened in Mexico during its
revolution - He tried to bring to power leaders who were
liberal, democratic, and friendly to capitalistic
enterprise
4Causes of World War I
- Militarism policy of building up strong military
resources to prepare for war - Alliances agreements between nations to aid and
protect each other - Imperialism
- Nationalism
5(No Transcript)
6- Spark that starts the War
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- On June 28, 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir
of the throne to Austria-Hungry was killed while
visiting Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist - Rulers of Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian
government and wanted to retaliate - Wouldnt retaliate until they had the support of
its ally, Germany - When Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia, the system
of alliances drags all of Europe into the war - Ex. Germany agreed to help Austria-Hungary,
Russia agreed to help Serbia, France was an ally
of Russia, so Germany declared war on France and
Russia, when Germany invaded Belgium, Germany
violated a treaty Belgium had with England, so
England declared war on Germany
7War in Europe, 1914-1917
- The Coming of War
- Causes of WWI in Europe
- System of rival military alliances
- Imperialist expansion
- Aggressive nationalism
- June 1914
- Bosnian Serb nationalist assassinated Austrian
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Austria declared war on Serbia
- Russia bound by a secret agreement to protect
Serbia mobilized for war - By the fall of 1914, the web of alliances had
pulled all of the major European powers, except
Italy, into The Great War - Abandoning an earlier pact with Germany and
Austria, Italy entered the war on the side of the
Allies in 1915
8The Perils of Neutrality
- Pres. Wilson proclaimed U.S. neutrality as soon
as the war began - He asked the American people to be neutral in
thought as well as in action - Most Americans agreed with Wilson that the U.S.
should not fight - But few had neutral feelings
- Wilson and the majority of Americans had
emotional bonds with England
9The Perils of Neutrality
- In 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on
Germany - Reasons for this change
- 1.) Wilson became convinced that for the U.S. to
shape the postwar settlement, it must participate
in the fighting - 2.) Wilsons handling of the issue of neutral
rights on the high seas pulled the country into a
war with Germany
10America Stays Neutral
- For 3 years America remained neutral, and a lot
of Americans did not want to get involved in a
European war - Read the article provided and make a list of what
led to America entering the war.
11The Perils of Neutrality
- The British violated Americas rights to trade by
mining the North Sea and stopping ships and goods
bound for Germany - Wilsons protests were not vigorous enough to
prevent the British from ending almost all
German-American trade - Germany retaliated with unrestricted submarine
warfare - This led to injuries and the deaths of civilians,
including Americans, in the sinking of Allied
ships (Lusitania and Sussex) - History Channel video
12The Perils of Neutrality
- In ever more threatening notes, Wilson warned
Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare or
the U.S. would break off diplomatic relations - Some believed Wilsons policies would needlessly
pull the U.S.A. into the War - American citizens between 1914 and 1917 developed
a large economic stake in an Allied victory - Made neutrality much more difficult
- U.S. trade with the Allies increased greatly
- American investors lent them 2.3 billion to
finance the items that the U.S. continued to
depend on for prosperity - British propaganda in the U.S. charged that the
Germans were committing atrocities
13The Perils of Neutrality
- The war was a major issue in the 1916 election
- American public still had desires of peace
- Wilson ran on reelection reminding voters he
hadnt gone to war - Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes,
sometimes called for a tougher stand against
Germany - Other times he criticized Wilson for having been
too threatening - Wilsons close victory seemed to indicate that
the majority of Americans still hoped to avoid
participation in the conflict
14The United States Enters the War
- Jan. 1917, Germany fully unleashed its U-boats
- Germany decided that full use of its submarines
would contribute more to its victory than keeping
the U.S. out of the war - Wilson responded by breaking off diplomatic
relations - During Feb. and March, Germany U-boats attacked 5
American ships - And the U.S. learned of the Zimmermann Note
- On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress to
declare war on Germany - It did so after a short, bitter debate
15The United States Enters the War
- 3 important factors produced the declaration of
war - German attacks on American shipping
- U.S. economic investment in the Allied cause
- American cultural links to the Allies
16(No Transcript)
17America Stays Neutral
- America remained neutral, but many sided with
joining the war - British navy blockaded Germany, so they stopped
US ships looking for anything that might be going
to Germany - In 1915 Germany established a war zone around
England. Any ships entering were subject to
attack by German U-boats - On March 28, 1915 a German U-boat sank a British
ship, 1 American died - On May 7, 1915, a U-boat off the coast of Ireland
torpedoed the Lusitania, another British
passenger boat. 128 Americans died, outraging
Americans. - America still hoped to remain neutral, until
February 1, 1917, when Germany resumed full-scale
U-boat warfare. - German torpedoes sank 5 American ships
- March 1, 1917 American newspapers published the
Zimmerman Note, proposing a Mexican-Germany
alliance- to help Mexico get back the land they
lost in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona - April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare
war on Germany- to make the world safe for
democracy
18Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France, 1917-1918
- Raising, Training, and Testing an Army
- After declaring war on Germany, Congress passed
the Selective Service Act - About 3 million men were drafted
- Both volunteers and draftees were sent to
home-front training camps - War Dept. monitored their behavior
- Warning them of the dangers of sex and alcohol
19Raising, Training, and Testing an Army
- Psychologists administered their newly developed
IQ tests - Measured educational attainment and not
intelligence - 12,000 Native Americans served in the army
- Integrated with white troops
- 260,000 African Americans in the army
- Assigned to all black units
- The navy used blacks only in menial positions
- The marines excluded blacks entirely
- Racist civilians provoked clashes with
African-American soldiers stationed in Houston
20Organizing the Economy for War
- To mobilize the economy behind the war effort,
the federal govt. imposed an unprecedented amount
of regulation on American business - It did this by creating thousands of special
wartime agencies - War Industries Board, Food Administration, U.S.
Railroad Administration, etc.
21Organizing the Economy for War
- War Industries Board
- Allocated scarce materials
- Established production priorities
- Introduced more efficient production practices
- Food Administration
- Encouraged farmers to increase output
- Exhorting civilians to conserve food and fiber
- U.S. Railroad Administration
- Consolidated all the privately owned rail lines
into one - Govt. ran them for the rest of the War
22Organizing the Economy for War
- These govt. regulations were mostly dismantled
after the armistice - The govt. regulations also did not prevent
soaring wartime profits or corporate mergers
23Fighting of the War
- Americas military resources of soldiers and war
materials tipped the balance of the war and led
to Germanys defeat - Brainstorm what you remember about the fighting
of WWI
24With the American Expeditionary Force in France
- The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) sent some
2 million soldiers to France in 1917 and 1918 - Led by General John Pershing
- They arrived at a critical time for the Allies
25With the American Expeditionary Force in France
- Russia dropped out of the War
- After the Bolsheviks came in power in 1917
- This freed the German armies on the Eastern Front
to fight in the west - With these reinforcements, Germany launched an
offensive in the spring of 1918 that brought its
troops within 50 miles of Paris
26With the American Expeditionary Force in France
- American soldiers were rushed to the front
- They helped to stop the German advance
- About 16,500 women also served with the AEF
- Noncombat positions
- Nurses, telephone operators, clerical workers
27Turning the Tide
- By July 1918, U.S. troops were participating in
the Allied counteroffensive that drove the
Germans out of much of France - Among the troops were several African-American
regiments that served with distinction - One received the French Croix de Guerre
- to recognize acts of bravery in the face of the
enemy
28Turning the Tide
- In the often brutal fighting, soldiers lost their
illusions about war being a great adventure - An influenza epidemic that swept Europe and the
U.S.A. in 1918 added to the suffering and death - PBS WWI maps
29Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent
- Advertising the War
- Wilson believed that the federal govt. must
promote unanimous support for the war - Sec. of the Treasury William G. McAdoo pioneered
in using advertising techniques and propaganda to
sell war bonds - Posters
- Parades
- Movie stars
- War bonds covered about 2/3s of the wars costs
- The rest came from increased federal income tax
and other taxes
30Advertising the War
- Committee on Public Information
- George Creel
- Main job was to popularize the war
- Posters
- Advertisements
- News releases
- Films
- 75,000 speakers around the nation
31Advertising the War
32Advertising the War
33Advertising the War
- Many Progressive reformers, muckrakers, teachers,
and religious leaders supported the war - The U.S. was in a struggle to spread liberalism,
democracy, and other American values
34Wartime Intolerance and Dissent
- Fear and intolerance mounted
- Anti-German hysteria
- German-Americans were victimized
- Hatred of anyone who questioned Americas
participation in the war - Antiwar radicals were verbally and physically
attacked
35Opponents of the War
- Despite all the patriotic pressure, some
Americans continued to oppose the war - Some German-Americans
- Religious pacifists
- A minority of womens rights and progressive
leaders pointed out that the war was killing
reform and unleashing reaction and intolerance - Jane Addams
- Randolph Bourne
36Opponents of the War
- Many socialists branded the war a crusade to
protect capitalists profits - They also saw no reason for workers to die to
enrich their bosses - There was also considerable resistance to the
draft in the rural South
37Suppressing Dissent by Law
- Espionage and Sedition Acts
- Govt. attempt to silence these dissenters
- Made it a crime to criticize the war, govt.,
Constitution, or armed forces - About 1,500 people were convicted and jailed
- Eugene Debs was the most famous
- The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of
the laws with the clear and present danger
doctrine
38Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America
- Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture
- Stimulated by war, the American economy boomed
- The real income of farmers and unskilled workers
rose significantly - Thousands of workers streamed into industrial
centers to take jobs in war plants - The influx created terrible housing, school, and
other shortages in the cities
39African-Americans Migrate Northward
- Reduced immigration and soaring war production
created labor shortages in northern industries - Southern African-Americans learned of these new
job opportunities - Labor recruiters
- African-American-owned newspapers
- Letters
- Word of mouth
40African-Americans Migrate Northward
- About 500,000 African-Americans migrated to the
North - Hoped to escape southern racism and find good
jobs - In northern cities whites resented the
African-American newcomers - Competed for jobs
- Competed for housing
- Race riots broke out
- East St. Louis, IL
- July 2, 1917
41East St. Louis race riots
- Iba B. Wells account of East St. Louis riots
42Women in Wartime
- Many womens rights activists hoped that the war
would lead to equality for women - During the war, thousands of women served in the
military and in volunteer organizations - About 1 million took jobs in industry
43Women in Wartime
- 19th Amendment
- Passed in 1920
- Womens suffrage
- Those holding well-paying jobs in industry
generally were replaced by men returning form
wartime service
44Public Health Crisis The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
- Towards the end of the war, a worldwide outbreak
of influenza occurred - Killed about 30 million people
- 6 times as many Americans died of the flu as were
slaughtered in battle in France - 555,000
- Army camps and cities were hit the hardest
45The War and Progressivism
- The war strengthened the prohibition movement
- Antiliquor forces argued that the unpatriotic
German-American brewers should be put out of
business - The grain used to manufacture whiskey and gin
would be better used to feed the armed forces
46The War and Progressivism
- 18th Amendment
- 1919
- Banning the manufacture, transportation, or sale
of alcoholic beverages - The war also boosted the Progressive Era
antiprostitution campaign - Produced a brief flurry of protective labor laws
- But in most areas the intolerant, repressive war
atmosphere stifled progressivism
47Wilsons Fourteen Points
- Read the information about Wilsons Fourteen
Points and summarize what their purpose was and
what the key points of the plan were. - This was Wilsons plan to eliminate the causes of
war - Main points were self-determination, freedom of
the seas, League of Nations and a Mandate System - How were these causes of WWI?
48Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath, 1918-1920
- Wilsons Fourteen Points the Armistice
- Wilson presented his fourteen-point peace plan in
a speech to Congress in Jan. 1918 - It included self-determination, impartial
adjustment of colonial claims, freedom of the
seas, reduced armaments, a world association of
nations - Wilson's Fourteen Points speech
49Wilsons Fourteen Points the Armistice
- Whether Wilson could get those ideas incorporated
in the treaties signed at the end of the war
remained to be seen - Oct. 1918, revolutionaries in Germany overthrew
the Kaiser and proclaimed a republic - Nov. 11, 1918, the armistice was signed
- History Channel video
50The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919
- Wilson personally headed the American delegation
to Versailles - He appointed no prominent Republicans to the
delegation - This was a political mistake since a
Republican-controlled Senate would have to ratify
any treaty signed - David Lloyd George
- Georges Clemenceau
- Vittorio Orlando
51The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919
52Palace of Versailles
53The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919
- The other members of the Big 4 had no faith in
the Fourteen Points - They all wanted to punish Germany
- The Treaty of Versailles that was produced
contained some of Wilsons points - Independence for Poland and the Baltic states
- Overall the Treaty was harsh and punitive
54Treaty of Versailles
- French and English insisted on punishing Germany
- Created the League of Nations
- National boundaries were redrawn, creating many
new nations - Why did America
- Not ratify the
- Treaty?
- How does
- this lead to
- WWII?
55The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919
- The Treaty created resentment and desire for
revenge in Germany - History Channel video
- Wilson and the Allied leaders also attempted to
overthrow the Bolsheviks in Russia - They wanted to isolate and weaken the
Communist-controlled Russia
56The Fight over the League of Nations
- Dismayed at the treatys punitive features,
Wilson concentrated his hopes on the League of
Nations part of it - In July 1919, Wilson submitted the Treaty of
Versailles to the Senate for ratification - The Senate twice failed to ratify by Treaty and
the League of Nations by the necessary 2/3s
support - Nov. 1919
- March. 1920
57The Fight over the League of Nations
- Republican isolationists would not ratify the
Treaty - They believed the U.S. should stay out of
European affairs - Republican reservationists demanded changes in
the treaty - Led by Henry Cabot Lodge
- Wilson refused to accept any changes to the
Treaty
58League of Nations
- Why did America not join the League of Nations?
- Objections to US foreign policy decisions made by
an international organization, not by US leaders
59- http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_XPZQ0LAlR4listPL
BDA2E52FB1EF80C9index36safety_modetruepersist
_safety_mode1safeactive
60Racism and Red Scare, 1919-1920
- The war-generated intolerance and antiradical
hysteria reached a peak in 1919-1920 - Lynch mobs killed 76 blacks
- Race riots broke out in more than 25 cities
- The bloodies occurred in Chicago
- A rash of postwar strikes and a series of bombing
incidents convinced many Americans that the
country was on the verge of a communist uprising
61Racism and Red Scare, 1919-1920
- To protect against this supposed danger, the
Justice Department raided the homes and meeting
places of suspected radicals and arrested more
than 4,000 - Led by A. Mitchell Palmer
- Most times, there was no evidence that they had
committed any crime - Aliens suspected of radicalism were deported
62The Election of 1920
- Democrats nominated James Cox
- Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding
- Appealed to the public with his promise of a
return to normalcy - Harding easily won
- Hardings victory ended any chance for U.S.
membership and participation in the League
63Conclusion
- WWI brought death to 10 million people worldwide
- 112,000 Americans
- The War transformed American society
- Helped to pass the 18th and 19th Amendments
- Gave the country its first taste of active govt.
regulation of the economy
64Conclusion
- Although Washington retreated from activism in
the 1920s and Progressive reform seemed dead,
during the Great Depression of the 1930s some of
these WWI regulatory agencies and social programs
would serve as models for the New Deal - In the short run, the intolerance and repression
that grew during the war arrested further
Progressive reform