Part 1: The End of the Cold War, Desert Storm, and the New World Order Part 2: Islamic Resurgence and Global Terrorism

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Part 1 The End of the Cold War, Desert Storm,
and the New World OrderPart 2 Islamic
Resurgence and Global Terrorism

• Lesson 26

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The End of the Cold WarTheme The US emerges as
the worlds only superpower
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President Reagan

• During the1980s, Cold War tensions increased as
  Ronald Reagan pursued a vigorous anti-Soviet
  policy
• Characterized the Soviet Union as the evil
  empire
• Dedicated massive amounts of money to military
  spending to include the Strategic Defense
  Initiative or Star Wars
• Successfully confronted communist challenges in
  Grenada and Nicaragua

Reagan delivers his Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down
This Wall! speech in 1987
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The Soviet Union

• While the US was spending at levels the USSR was
  finding difficult to match, the Soviets were
  having their own internal problems
• The Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989
  after ten years of a failed war many likened to
  the US experience in Vietnam
• The Soviet economy and those of its eastern and
  central European satellites were in serious
  trouble

US-supplied Stinger missiles helped the
mujahedeen defeat Soviet forces in Afghanistan
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Gorbachev

• With economic and political reforms obviously
  needed, Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev
  initiated perestroika (the restructuring or
  decentralizing of the economy) and glasnost (an
  opening of the Soviet society to public
  scrutiny)
• Gorbachevs reforms proved difficult to implement
  and unleashed hostility from the old order it
  threatened, long suppressed criticism, and ethnic
  and nationalist separatism
• By the summer of 1990, Gorbachevs reforms had
  spent themselves

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Collapse of the Soviet Empire

• Revolutions broke out throughout eastern Europe
  as people overthrow communist dictators in places
  like Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania and countries
  such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia broke apart
• The Berlin Wall came down on November 9, 1989 and
  East and West Germany united in 1990

The 1989 Romanian Revolution was a violent
overthrow of the communist regime of Nicolae
Ceausescu
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Collapse of the Soviet Empire

• Beginning in August 1991, Soviet republics began
  declaring their independence from the USSR
• Also in August, a group of conspirators
  representing dissatisfied elements of the
  Communist Party, the KGB, and the military
  attempted to seize power while Gorbachev was on
  vacation
• Boris Yelstin crushed the coup, but himself
  replaced Gorbachev
• By the end of 1991, the USSR had ceased to exist

AP photo of Boris Yelstin atop an armored
personnel carrier encouraging resistance to the
coup
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End of the Bipolar World

• The demise of the Soviet Union left the US as the
  worlds sole superpower
• Without the danger of a superpower confrontation,
  the US was now more free to use its military
  power
• Additionally, new opportunities for cooperative
  international efforts would become possible
  without the bipolar competition
• This new dynamic would be tested when Iraq
  invaded Kuwait in 1990

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Desert StormTheme The end of the Vietnam
Syndrome
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The Middle East
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Background

• Majority of region administered by Britain until
  post-World War II.
• Long-standing disputes between Iraq and Kuwait.
• Iraq argues Kuwait is an Iraqi province.
• Iraq mobilized and prepared for invasion in 1961
  immediately after Kuwait was granted independence
  by Britain.
• Iraq wants Kuwait to forgive debts Iraq owes from
  Iran-Iraq War.
• Claims Kuwait actually owes Iraq for defending
  it against Iran.
• Iraq accuses Kuwait of overproduction of
  oil/theft of Iraqi oil.
• On Aug 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait

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Coalition Operations

• The end of the Cold War and Russias willingness
  to join the US in opposing Iraq created an
  unprecedented level of international cooperation
• The United Nations adopted resolutions condemning
  Iraq and authorizing the use of force
• Thirty-six countries (as well as Kuwait)
  contributed forces

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Combat Operations

• 17 Jan 1991 - Air war begins
• 23 Feb - Ground war begins
• 28 Feb Cease fire takes effect
• 2 March 24th Infantry Division fights last
  engagement of the war
• 3 March Norman Schwarzkopf accepts Iraqi
  surrender at Safwan

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Shaping Operations

• Create and preserve conditions for the success of
  the operation
• Air operation
• Cut supplies bound for Iraqi forces in Kuwait
  from 20k tons per week to 2k tons per week and
  eliminated Iraqi air threat
• Deception operation
• Highly visible Marine rehearsals persuaded Saddam
  to commit an estimated four divisions to protect
  his flank against an amphibious assault

Leaflets such as these deceived the Iraqis into
thinking the main attack would be amphibious
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The Shift Westward
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(No Transcript)
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The Ground Offensive Plan
The ground war begins Feb 23
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Highway of Death
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Situation, February 28, 1991
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Iraq

• The objective of Desert Storm was to liberate
  Kuwait, not to destroy the Iraqi army or remove
  Saddam
• Even though the coalition experienced amazing
  military success, Saddam remained in power and
  crushed short-lived uprisings by the Kurds in the
  north and the Shia in the south
• Iraqi Freedom would have the objective of
  changing the regime in Iraq

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Legacy of Desert Storm

• Won with an operational concept that sought in a
  single climatic operation to destroy the enemys
  center of gravity
• In 100 hours of combat, American forces destroyed
  or captured more than 3,000 tanks, 1,400 armored
  carriers, and 2,200 artillery pieces
• The Great Wheel swept over and captured almost
  20,000 square miles of territory
• Only about 140 soldiers died in direct combat
• Erased the Vietnam Syndrome
• Scales, Certain Victory, p. 382-383

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The New World OrderTheme International
cooperation and military intervention in the
post-Cold War era
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Post-Cold War Environment

• Cold War threats were potentially catastrophic
  but they were also measurable and somewhat
  predictable
• The bipolar structure and the desire to avoid
  superpower confrontation had provided a certain
  degree of order and stability
• The post-Cold War period was much more ambiguous
  and uncertain and many new threats emerged

CIA Director James Woolsey described the
post-Cold War environment by saying, We have
slain a large dragon (the U.S.S.R.) but we now
live in a jungle filled with a bewildering
variety of poisonous snakes. In many ways, the
dragon was easier to keep track of.
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Ethnic Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis in the
1990s

• The Cold War structure had kept in check ethnic
  divisions in many countries and limited military
  interventions
• The end of the Cold War changed all that
• UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali
  advocated the legitimate involvement of the UN
  in peace enforcement and peacemaking
  operations
• President Clinton proclaimed a National Security
  Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement
• After the Cold War, the United Nations went from
  an average of three or four peacekeeping
  operations a year to 13 in December 1992

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Ethnic Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis in the
1990s

• In Somalia, various clan leaders struggled for
  power and plunged the country into a humanitarian
  crisis
• When Yugoslavian republics began to seek
  independence, terrible ethnic conflicts ensued
• Bosnian Serbs initiated an ethnic cleansing
  campaign against Bosnian Muslims
• Yugoslav Serbs did the same against Kosovar
  Albanians

Warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid emerged as the
dominant clan leader in Somalia
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Ethnic Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis in the
1990s

• A military coup in Haiti ousted the
  democratically elected president and motivated
  thousands of Haitians to flee to the US in
  fragile boats
• Ethnic violence erupted between Hutu and Tutsis
  in Rwanda which resulted in up to a million
  deaths, mostly from the Tutsi minority

Deep gashes in the skulls of victims of the
Rwanda genocide evidence the violence of their
deaths
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Ethnic Conflict and Humanitarian Crisis in the
1990s

• East Timor declared independence after a 27-year
  occupation by Indonesia but anti-independence
  militia forces unleashed a campaign of violence
  and destruction

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International Efforts

• The United Nations Charter proclaims one of the
  UNs principle purposes as being to maintain
  international peace and security
• Sometimes the UN effectively intervened in these
  crises, sometimes it didnt
• Same for the United States
• The US found that its status as world economic
  and military superpower would not necessarily
  equate to unchallenged world leadership
• The US would meet a host of challenges within the
  UN and from non-governmental organizations
  (remember Lesson 12) as well as from new enemies

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Part 2 Islamic Resurgence and Global
TerrorismTheme Terrorism as a response to
globalization
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Islamism

• As globalization spread, many Muslims became
  skeptical about European and American models of
  economic development and political and cultural
  norms
• Blamed the Western models for their own economic
  and political problems as well as for
  secularization and its attendant breakdown of
  traditional social and religious values
• Saw the Muslim world as slipping into a state of
  decline brought about by the abandonment of
  Islamic traditions and many blamed the US

The Saudi Arabian Mutaween, or religious police,
enforce the Islamic dress code
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Islamist Reaction

• Many saw the solution to the problems faced by
  Muslim societies as being a revival of Islamic
  identity, values, and power
• Most sought to bring about change through
  peaceful means, but an extremist minority has
  claimed a mandate from God that calls for violent
  transformations

Supporters of Hizbut Tahrir, a hardline Muslim
group, protesting in front of the US Embassy in
Jakarta, Indonesia
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Jihad

• Convinced that the Muslim world was under siege,
  extremists used the concept of the jihad to
  rationalize and legitimize terrorism and
  revolution
• Jihad is sometimes called the Sixth Pillar of
  Islam and is an exertion or struggle in achieving
  the ways of Allah
• It invokes the right and duty to defend Islam and
  the Islamic community from unjust attack

Members of the Islamic Jihads military wing, the
Al-Quds Brigade, in Gaza
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Extremist Rhetoric

• God has blessed a group of vanguard Muslims, the
  forefront of Islam, to destroy America.
• Osama bin Laden in a videotaped statement
  broadcast by Al Jazeera, October 7, 2001
• We issue the following fatwa to all Muslims The
  ruling to kill the Americans and their allies --
  civilians and military -- is an individual duty
  for every Muslim who can do it in any country in
  which it is possible to do it....We -- with God's
  help -- call on every Muslim who believes in God
  and wishes to be rewarded to comply with God's
  order to kill the Americans and plunder their
  money wherever and whenever they find it.
• World Islamic Front Statement, February 23, 1998
  

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Clash of Civilizations

• On both sides the interaction between Islam and
  the West is seen as a clash of civilizations.
• Samuel Huntington

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Huntingtons Civilizations
Western
Slavic- Orthodox
Sinic
Japanese
Latin American
Islamic
Hindu
African
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Osama bin Laden

• Osama bin Laden began his militancy in response
  to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• He helped found the Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK)
  which recruited and funded mujahideen to fight
  the Soviets
• Ironically, the US also supported the mujahideen
  based on the Cold War philosophy that the enemy
  of my enemy is my friend

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al-Qaeda
Part of the post-Desert Storm US military
presence at Prince Sultan Air Base, 80 km south
of Riyadh

• In 1988, bin Laden split from the MAK and formed
  a new group comprised of some of the most
  militant mujahideen that would become the
  al-Qaeda terrorist group
• With the US involvement in Desert Storm and its
  subsequent continued presence in Saudi Arabia,
  home of the Muslim holy sites of Mecca and
  Medina, bin Laden became irreconcilably
  infuriated by the Western influence

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Terrorism

• The deliberate and systematic use of violence
  against civilians with the aim of advancing
  political, religious, or ideological cause
• Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, but its impact
  has been magnified in a globalized world
  distinguished by rapid technological advances in
  transportation, communications, and weapons
  development
• Worldwide television coverage has transformed
  terrorism by expanding its visibility and impact

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September 11, 2001

• On Sept 11, 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda
  hijacked four planes and crashed two into the
  World Trade Towers in New York City and one into
  the Pentagon
• The fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania after
  passengers attacked the terrorists

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Global War on Terrorism

• On Sept 20, President Bush addressed the nation
  and declared Our war on terror begins with al
  Qaeda, but it does not end there.  It will not
  end until every terrorist group of global reach
  has been found, stopped and defeated Our
  response involves far more than instant
  retaliation and isolated strikes.  Americans
  should not expect one battle, but a lengthy
  campaign, unlike any other we have ever seen.  It
  may include dramatic strikes, visible on TV, and
  covert operations, secret even in success.

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Global War on Terrorism

•  We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them
  one against another, drive them from place to
  place, until there is no refuge or no rest.  And
  we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe
  haven to terrorism.  Every nation, in every
  region, now has a decision to make. Either you
  are with us, or you are with the
  terrorists.  From this day forward, any nation
  that continues to harbor or support terrorism
  will be regarded by the United States as a
  hostile regime.

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Operation Enduring Freedom

• The attack was quickly traced to Osama bin Laden
  who had been operating from Afghanistan since his
  1996 expulsion from Saudi Arabia
• On Oct 7, 2001, the US led a coalition attack
  into Afghanistan to destroy terrorist training
  camps and infrastructure, capture al-Qaeda
  leaders, and eliminate terrorist activities in
  Afghanistan
• By mid-March 2002, the Taliban government had
  been removed from power and the al-Qaeda network
  in Afghanistan had been destroyed

CENTCOM Commander General Tommy Franks explains
Operation Enduring Freedom
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Preemptive Action

• On Sept 17, 2002, President Bush issued a
  National Security Strategy which stated, While
  the United States will constantly strive to
  enlist the support of the international
  community, we will not hesitate to act alone, if
  necessary, to exercise our right of self-defense
  by acting preemptively against such terrorists,
  to prevent them from doing harm against our
  people and our country.

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Axis of Evil

• In his Jan 29, 2002 State of the Union Address,
  Bush had labeled Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as
  comprising an axis of evil of regimes that
  sponsor terror
• In Sept 2002, the Director of Central
  Intelligence issued a report stating, Iraq has
  continued its weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
  programs in defiance of UN resolutions and
  restrictions.  Baghdad has chemical and
  biological weapons as well as missiles with
  ranges in excess of UN restrictions if left
  unchecked, it probably will have a nuclear weapon
  during this decade. 
• Bush felt reports such as this justified him to
  take preemptive action against Iraq

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United Nations

• Secretary of State Colin Powell presented the US
  evidence of Iraqi WMD to the United Nations and
  the US proposed a resolution to the Security
  Council authorizing military force if Iraq
  refused to disarm
• France, Russia, Germany, and others opposed the
  US resolution and it failed to pass
• Nonetheless, the US, joined by Britain and a
  coalition of the willing launched Operation
  Iraqi Freedom on March 20, 2003

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Operations in Iraq

• Rapid military success during combat phase
• On Apr 9 US forces captured Baghdad
• Major General Buford Blount, USM 1971, commanded
  the 3rd Infantry Division that spearheaded the US
  attack
• On May 2 President Bush declared, Major combat
  operations in Iraq have ended.
• On Dec 13 Saddam was captured
• Much more difficult post-conflict phase
• Insurgency developed
• IEDs, hostages, and road-side bombs
• Fractured domestic support

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Additional Terrorism Considerations
Terrorist bombing on the train station at Madrid
killed 200 people and led to Spains withdrawing
its forces from Iraq
Heightened security at events such as the Super
Bowl has become a fact of life
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Additional Terrorism Considerations
The Department of Homeland Security was
established as a result of September 11
Suicide bombings are a common part of the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
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Additional Terrorism Considerations
Jemaah Islamiyah, which is suspected of having
ties to al-Qaeda, is dedicated to establishing an
Islamic fundamentalist state in Southeast Asia.
With some 210 million Muslims, Indonesia has the
largest Muslim population of any country in the
world.
The US Secretary of State considers Iran to be
one of the state sponsors of international
terrorism.
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Next Lesson

• Globalization Discussion