ROME

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ROME

• Unit 7

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Geography

• Middle of Europe and juts out into the middle of
  the Mediterranean.
• Protection but not isolation from mountains
  (Alps). Sea provides protection and
  transportation.
• Peninsula has rich soil and a mild climate. Can
  support a large population.

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The Founding of Rome

• Legend of Romulus and Remus who were raised by a
  wolf and a Sheppard builds Rome.
• People who built Rome were Latin Kings in 1000
  B.C.E.
• Located on Tiber River which grants access to
  North, South, and the sea.

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Forming A Government

• The Etruscans From Northern Italy they defeat
  the Latin Kings that ruled.
• They were very skilled in pottery, engineering,
  and building, being believed to first use the
  arch in architecture.
• 900BCE Settled colonies on southern Italian
  peninsula and Sicily for trade with Greece.
  (later influencing Rome).
• 509 BCE Etruscans overthrown, Republic formed
• Patricians and plebeians wrote a constitution
• Leaders and commoners at the Forum

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Roman Society

• Patricians- noble families control every aspect
  of life in Early Rome.
• Plebeians- common people. Later refused to fight
  until demands were met.They formed the plebian
  council to gain more power.
• Tribunes elected to protect plebeians and later
  given the power to veto, or ban, laws that seemed
  unfair.
• Plebeians force the Patricians to write down
  laws- Laws of the 12 tables (page 165)

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Rights Responsibilties

• The 12 tables (laws) gave certain rights to its
  citizens.
• Citizens have certain responsibilities
• Military service
• Pay taxes
• Vote

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Roman Forum
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The Republic

• Senate 300 members who advised elected
  officials, finances, and foreign relations.
• Various Assemblies all voted on and and elected
  officials.
• Magistrates put laws into practice and governed
  in the name of the senate.
• Consuls two magistrates elected to one year
  terms. Chief executives and commanders of the
  army.
• Page 166

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Rome Expands

• Roman population grows and they needed more land
  and resources.
• They conquer the rest of Italy.
• Went to the Aid of Sicily when they got into
  conflict with Carthage-Punic Wars (3)
• During this time they fight others and Greece,
  Persia, and Macedonia become provinces of Rome.
• Rome wins and becomes new Mediterranean power.

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Republic to Empire

• Social Unrest/ Military in Politics
• Vast new land stretched the Roman political
  system to its limit.
• Tension between various classes.
• Gracchi Brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) worked
  towards better treatment of soldiers.

• Social War/ Civil War
• Senate refuses Roman allies citizenship
• Italian Rebels fight.
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla general from revolt
  becomes consul.
• Civil war between him and another, uses army to
  put it down.

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Solutions

• Senate tried to intentionally kill the Gracchi
  Brothers in Forum.
• Violence and private armies first used as
  political tools.

• Italian Rebels defeated but granted citizenship.
• Carried out reforms to protect the senate but
  does the opposite.

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1st Triumvirate

• Three men took over the Roman Republic as the 1st
  Triumvirate or rule of 3 men. (Caesar, Pompey,
  Crassus).
• Crassus died.
• Caesar vs. Pompey in Civil war
• Caesar wins becomes dictator.

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Julius Caesar

• Positive
• Conquered Gaul and Egypt
• Stopped rebellions
• Gave citizenship
• Resettled landless by giving land
• Built roads
• Reduced debt
• Gave slaves
• Said no to a crown 3 times

• Negative
• Took too much power
• Glory for himself
• Ambitious
• Showed no signs of giving up.
• Refused crown because he was king without the
  title.

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Senators feared him and murdered him on March 15th
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2nd Triumvirate

• Caesars adopted son and heir Octavian, a loyal
  officer named Marc Anthony, and high priest
  Lepidus take power.
• Lepidus is pushed aside, empire split in half.
• Civil War break out, Octavian defeats Anthony and
  Cleopatra.
• Octavian now sole rule and calls himself first
  citizen
• Senate gives him title of Augustus (revered one).
• The Empire Begins!

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Roman Military

• All Roman men ages of 17 and 46 with a minimum
  amount of property were required to serve in the
  army during times of war.
• Organized into units called legions
• Centurions were the backbone of the legions who
  were commissioned officers who commanded a
  century of 100 men.

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Pax Romana

• A period of time from 27 B.C.E. till 180 C.E.
  called the Roman Peace.
• It has traits such as
• Stable government (provinces ruled by governors
  having everything modeled after Rome).
• Strong legal system (Laws unified all under Roman
  Control).
• Widespread trade (agriculture still 1, tenant
  farming and manufacturing. Also trade allowed
  through location and extensive road network).
• peace

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Roman CultureLife for the rich

• Wealth was not distributed or divided equally.
• Rich influenced politics
• Both a city and a country home
• Spent most time in politics.
• Public officials not paid only wealthy could
  afford to do it.

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Roman CultureLife for the poor

• People lived in crowded, dangerous and unclean
  areas.
• Fire posed constant threats.
• To prevent rebellions free food and public
  entertainment became a major feature.
• Two things mattered bread and circuses.

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Entertainment

• Romans of all classes enjoyed these things.
• Circus Maximus A racetrack that could hold
  250,000 spectators
• Theater Comedies satires were a favorite also
  mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats clowns

• Gladiator battles in the Colosseum usually ended
  in the death of one or both participants
• Public baths for bathing, hygiene, and a gym/spa
  type atmosphere

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Family

• Families were patriarchal
• Emphasized virtues of simplicity, religious
  devotion, and obedience.
• Adoption was common for many families especially
  if they needed a son.
• Women could inherit and own property although
  could do little without male intervention.
• Lower class women had more freedom especially
  working outside of the home.

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Education Religion

• Education was highly valued and important
  especially literacy, Latin, Greek, law, math, and
  public speaking.
• Believed in many gods (polytheism)
• Gods and goddesses were barrowed from other
  religions
• Worshipped household gods
• Emperor was considered a god.

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Architecture

• Romans were very practical-applied scientific
  knowledge to the planning of cities, building
  water sewer systems, improving farming
  methods.
• They built roads, bridges, amphitheaters, public
  buildings, aqueducts.
• The Roman urban plan a grid of roads, temples,
  baths, theaters a central forum.

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Language Literature

• Several Romance languages developed from Latin
  the language of Rome.
• French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, or
  Portuguese. Even some English.

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Judaism

• After Rome conquered Judea a new Roman king was
  appointed.
• They did not make the Jews convert to polytheism
  though-they only had to pay tribute.
• Some Jews resisted Roman rule entirely.
• Others chose to wait on the coming Messiah who
  would restore the world to peace.

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Christianity

• Jesus taught people to seek forgiveness of their
  sins
• Almost all of what we know about Jesus comes from
  the Gospels
• He was very popular among the people
• Authorities worried that he would cause an
  uprising-so he was arrested sentenced to death

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Spread of Christianity

• Jesus chose 12 disciples who later became the
  Apostles
• They took Christianity throughout the Roman world
• The Apostle Paul was most important to the spread
  of Christianity
• Christianity was popular because of its message
  of love eternal life after death.

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Constantine

• An emperor who converted after having a vision
  before a battle
• He was told to fight in the name of the cross
• He did this after winning he made freedom of
  religion law so Christians would no longer be
  persecuted

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The Roman Empires issues

• Taxes rose and the value of money declined when
  coins were made with copper and lead to
  compensate.
• Invasion threats at all fronts.
• Militaries grow large and resource demands caused
  economic crisis.
• Crime increases due to economic crisis.
• Weak leaders, facing off in a series of civil
  wars.
• No new expansion to bring in new revenue.

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Romes Solutions

• Diocletian (dy-uh-klee-shuhn) new emperor takes
  absolute rule and splits the empire in two (east
  west)
• A Co-Emperor rules the west with assistants names
  Caesars to help rule.
• Harsh regulations and rigid class structure to
  bring order.
• He increased the army and gave it all his
  attention.
• Economy now state directed.

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Constantine

• After Diocletian the next co-emperors fell into
  civil war.
• Constantine wins but takes the east part of the
  Empire, moving the capital to Constantinople.
• He also legalizes Christianity.

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Issues not solved

• These leaders only put off the issues but they
  remained and grew with increased pressure from
  surrounding tribes.
• The Huns from the east (Asia) pushed Germanic
  tribes into the Empire.
• Osrogoths, Visigoths, and the Vandals attack Rome
  at various points.
• The Pope convinced Attila to leave Italy.
• The Western part of the Empire is in shambles and
  falls.

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Byzantine Empire

• The eastern half of the empire remains for
  several centuries.
• New growing influences especially Greek changes
  the culture and make it less Roman.
• As a result most historians refer to it as no
  longer Roman but the Byzantine Empire.