Ancient Rome

1
Ancient Rome

• Chapter 5

2
Beginning of Civilization

• Geography
• Small mountains, large fertile plains
• Settlement
• Latins on the seven hills
• Etruscans N. of Rome
• Rome was built on Etruscan learning
• Engineering, alphabet, architecture, and religion

3
Establishment of the Republic

• 509 B. C. end of Etruscan rule
• Establish a Republic
• People choose some of the officials

4
The Republic

• Original
• Patricians 2 consuls Senate
• Patricians members of the land-holding upper
  class
• Consuls elected to lead the Senate and control
  the Army
• Serve one term, have to agree
• Dictator Emergency general for 6 Months
• Cincinnatus 15 days

5
Plebians want power

• Plebians mass population
• Citizens with little political power
• Later elect tribunes with veto
• Laws of the Twelve Tables
• How are you affected by this government set-up?

6
Assignment

• Create a Pie Graphic Organizer that gives all of
  the information found in the Roman Cursus Honorum
  found on Page152. Include the position of
  Dictator in your Organizer.

7
Roman Society
Family
Women
The family was the basic unit of Roman society.
Male was head of household and had absolute
authority.
Women gained greater freedom and influence over
the centuries. Some women ran businesses.
Most worked at home, raising families.
Education
Religion
Both girls and boys learned to read and
write. Education was highly valued.
Gods and goddesses resembled those of Greeks.
Religious festivals inspired sense of
community. Romans built many temples for worship.

8
Roman Expansion

• By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the
  Italian peninsula.
• Why was Romes expansion in Italy successful?
• Skilled diplomacy
• Loyal, well-trained army
• Army was organized into legions or groups of
  about 5000 men
• Treated defeated enemies fairly
• Let them keep their customs
• Gave rights to conquered people

9
Republic to Empire

• Punic Wars
• 1st Punic War
• Rome defeats Carthage and wins the islands of
  Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
• 2nd Punic War
• Hannibal marches all around through the Pyrenees
  and Alps and loses 1/3 of Army, but sweeps across
  Italy
• Never captures Rome
• Rome outflanks by sending an army to Carthage

10
(No Transcript)
11
Punic Wars Continued

• 3rd Punic War
• Rome destroys Carthage
• Kill everyone
• Sell survivors into slavery
• Pour salt all over

12
Supremacy and World Domination.

• Imperialism establishing control over foreign
  lands
• Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor
• Egypt allies with Rome

13
(No Transcript)
14
Domestic Rome

• New Wealthy Class
• Trade, conquest, taxes
• Latifundia large estates bought by wealthy
  families
• Slaves from war
• How does Slavery hurt parts of the economy?
• Small farmers, exports/imports, growing
  unemployment, rich/poor, corruption
• Can these principles be tied to our economy today?

15
Attempts at Reform

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Plebian brothers
• Tiberius elected Tribune in 133
• Distributed land to poor farmers
• Gaius elected Tribune in 123
• Use of public funds to buy grain to feed the poor
• Both brothers and their followers were
  assassinated by members of the Senate

16
Decline of the Roman Republic

• Civil Wars
• Slave uprisings and revolts
• Legions turn into professional armies

17
Julius Caesar

• Military commander, Pompey was other commander
• Completed the Roman takeover of Gaul
• Pompey persuades Senate
• Caesar defeats Pompey
• Senate names him Dictator

18
Reforms of Caesar

• Public works to help unemployment
• Public land given to the poor
• Citizenship extended to more people
• Introduce new calendar
• Based on Egyptian calendar
• Our basic calendar today
• Stabbed by members of the Senate in 44 B.C.

19
Civil War

• Mark Antony Octavian
• Chief General Grandnephew
• Ally to hunt down murderers
• Fight for power
• Octavian is victorious over Antony/Cleopatra

20
Roman Empire

• Octavian named Augustus
• First citizen
• Named successor and had absolute power

21
Government of Augustus

• Kept the Senate
• Created a Civil Service
• Opened high level jobs to ALL that qualify
• Use the census to create more fair taxes
• Census population count
• Postal service
• Issued new coins
• Use jobless to build roads temples, farming

22
Succession

• Chosen some good, some bad
• Refer to the List

23
Pax Romana

• Roman Peace
• 200 yr from Augustus Marcus Aurelius
• Stable rule of an area the size of the U.S.

24
Entertainment

• Circus Maximus Chariot Race
• Gladiators typically slaves
• Tame restless mobs

25
Roman Achievement

• Greco-Roman Culture
• Greek, Roman, Hellenistic
• Poetry
• Virgil tried to show that Rome was as heroic as
  Ancient Greece
• Satirize to make fun of

26
Livy

• Historian and Philosopher
• Tried to establish patriotism and traditionalism
• Was disappointed by the lack of heroism in the
  history of Rome

27
Art

• Stresses Realism and Individualism
• Mosaic picture made from chips of colored stone
  or glass

28
Architecture

• Focused on grandeur
• Rounded Dome
• Pantheon
• Columns
• Examples around here?

29
Science and Math

• Engineering use of math and science to develop
  useful structures and machines
• Roads, bridges, harbors, aqueducts
• Aqueducts bridge-like stone structures that
  carried water from the hills into Roman cities
• Ptolemy Earth is center of the Universe

30
Law

• Rule of Law stability and peace through
  accepted norms
• Influences on the U.S.
• Innocent until Proven Guilty
• Face accuser and offer defense
• Guilt beyond reasonable doubt through evidence
• Judges interpret the law
• Penalties depend on social class

31
Early Religion in Rome

• Polytheistic, mystery religions, cults
• Religious tolerance
• Still had to acknowledge the divine spirit of the
  Roman emperor and honoring the ancient Roman Gods

32
Judea

• Roman controlled
• Jews excused from worshipping Roman Gods
• Messiah anointed king sent by God
• Jews try to rebel
• Rome puts down rebellion and destroys the Jewish
  temple
• Later rebellions result in destruction of
  Jerusalem

33
Christianity

• Knowledge of Jesus comes from bible
• Jesus born about 4 B.C.
• 12 apostles assistants of Jesus
• Teachings
• Stemmed from Jewish traditions
• Took on the name Christians followers of Christ

34
Paul

• Never met Jesus
• Was actually a persecutor of Christians
• Converted and spread Christianity to many areas
  of the world

35
Christian Persecution

• Persecuted for not honoring the emperor or Roman
  Gods
• Martyrs - Christians killed by persecution

36
Spread of Christianity

• Spread easily through Greek philosophy and pagan
  traditions
• Method used throughout history
• 313 A.D. Constantine
• Issued the Edict of Milan
• All Roman citizens given freedom of religion

37
Church Heirarchy

• Pope/Patriarchs
• Bishop
• Priest
• Clergy the group of people who conduct
  Christian services
• Bishop a high Church official responsible for
  everyone in the diocese
• Patriarch most important bishops
• Pope Patriarchs in Rome
• Heresies - beliefs against the church

38
Fall of the Empire

• Politically
• Fighting for the throne
• 26 emperors in 50 years
• Only one died of natural causes
• Socially and Economically
• Heavy Taxes
• Unofficial Slavery

39
Diocletian

• Tried to restore power
• Divided empire into two
• He controlled the Rich Eastern Part
• Maximian was appointed to rule the Western Part
• Fixed prices to try to control inflation rapid
  rise in prices
• Farmers were required to stay on their land
• Sons in Fathers foot steps

40
Constantine

• Granted Religious toleration
• Established a new capital at Byzantium -gt
  Constantinople

41
Invasion

• Huns from central Asia, migrate to Europe
• Overran the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and other
  Germanic tribes
• Invasion causes Rome to give up Britain, France,
  and Spain
• Rome is eventually overrun and sacked by the
  Visigoths
• Attila attacks most of Europe
• Odoacer kicks the Roman emperor in the West out
  of the Throne
• This marks the historical end of the Roman Empire

42
Why did Rome Fall?

• Military Attacks
• Invasions, military consisted of mercenaries
• Political Turmoil
• Lost support of the people b/c it was oppressive
  and authoritarian
• Corruption of leaders
• Civil Wars
• Division of the Empire during a crucial period
• Economic Weakness
• Heavy taxes
• Reliance on Slaves reduced technological
  innovation

43
Why did Rome Fall?

• Economic Weakness cont.
• Farmers abandoned land
• Middle class sank into poverty
• Population decline from warfare and disease
• Social Decay
• Loss of values (Patriotism, discipline, devotion
  to duty)
• Upper class quit leading and started spending

44
Did Rome Fall?

• Why or Why not?