Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 2: Sexual Motivation, Belongingness, and Achievement Motivation

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Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 2 Sexual Motivation,
Belongingness, and Achievement Motivation
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Alfred Kinsey

• Considered the father of the study of human
  sexuality for conducting his studies in the
  1940s.
• Studies showed that there were wide variations in
  normal sexual practices of individuals and that
  premarital sex was commonplace.

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Criticism of Kinseys Studies

• 18,000 people
• 1940s-1950s
• Sample was unrepresentative
• Well educated whites
• Misleading questions

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Sexual Response Cycle

• Following Kinseys studies, scientists looked to
  identify typical sexual reactions among
  volunteers in the 1960s.
• Master and Johnson filmed and identified the
  sexual response cycle refers to the four stages
  of sexual response
• 1. Excitement
• 2. Plateau
• 3. Orgasm
• 4. Resolution

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Sexual Response Cycle

• 1. Excitement blood flows to the genital areas
  causing both sexes genitals to enlarge.
• 2. Plateau peak of the excitement phase
  breathing increases penal and vaginal secretions
  increase.
• 3. Orgasm ejaculation in the male and vaginal
  contractions in the female.
• 4. Resolution phase body returns to unaroused
  state. In males, enter refractory period
  resting period where they cannot have another
  orgasm.

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Hormones and Sexual Behavior

• Certain hormones help activate sexual fertility,
  putting animals in heat.
• Females become sexually receptive when estrogen
  (sex hormone greater in females) peaks during
  ovulation.
• Testosterone levels also effect sex drive in both
  males and females.
• Hormones are monitored by Hypothalamus.

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Effect of External Stimuli on Sexual Motivation

• Studies have shown that both males and females
  are both aroused by seeing, hearing, or reading
  erotic material.
• Some psychologists have argued that sexual
  explicit materials can have negative effects.
  How?

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Sexual Disorders

• Sexual Disorders a problem that consistently
  impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
• In Men
• Premature Ejaculation ejaculation before they
  or their partners wish.
• Impotence inability to maintain an erection.
• In Women
• Orgasmic Disorder infrequent or never
  experiencing an orgasm.

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Cultural Norms Also Have Strong Impact on Sexual
Behavior
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Teen Pregnancy

• 1. Ignorance
• 2. Guilt related to sexual arousal/behavior
• 3. Minimal communication about birth control
• 4. Alcohol
• 5. Mass media acceptance of unprotected sex
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRFvRAGs9sSUsafety_
  modetruepersist_safety_mode1safeactive

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Sexual Orientation

• Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual
  attraction toward members of either ones own
  gender (homosexual orientation) or the other
  gender (heterosexual orientation)

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Possible Causes of Homosexuality?

• Have found brain differences between heterosexual
  men and homosexual men and women. Hard to get at
  causation.
• Identical twin brothers, 52 both will be gay.
  Genes not everything.
• Prenatal exposure to certain hormones.
• Most psychologists believe that nature more than
  nurture influences sexual orientation but the
  answer has not been completely solved.

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Changing Attitudes towards Homosexuality

• People who believe homosexuality to be biological
  tend to be more accepting.

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Belongingness Motivation

• Idea that humans do not live as islands are
  motivated to connect to others.
• Aids Survival
• Creates Relationships.

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Achievement Motivation

• Achievement Motivation desire to accomplish
  things and attaining a high standard.
• 2 Types of Achievement Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation performing task for its
  own sake.
• Extrinsic Motivation performing task because of
  you will receive rewards or punishments.

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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
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The Art of Motivating People

• Industrial Psychology subfield of psychology
  that studies workplace behavior. Looks to
  understand how to boost productivity and morale.
  
• Personnel Psychology
• Organizational psychology

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Leadership Styles 2 Types

• Task Leadership focuses on goals of
  organization (the tasks at hand).
• Social Leadership group oriented leadership
  focused on relationship building. Teamwork and
  mediation of conflict.

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Leadership Theories

• Theory X assumes that workers are stupid, error
  prone, and extrinsically motivated. Need to be
  directed from above.
• Theory Y assumes that workers are motivated to
  achieve self esteem and should be challenged and
  given freedom.