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Motivation

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Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Motivation


1
Motivation
  • Motivation
  • a need or desire that energizes and directs
    behavior
  • Instinct
  • complex behavior that is rigidly patterned
    throughout a species and is unlearned

2
Motivation
  • Drive-Reduction Theory
  • the idea that a physiological need creates an
    aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
    organism to satisfy the need

3
Motivation
  • Homeostasis
  • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
    internal state
  • regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around
    a particular level
  • Incentive
  • a positive or negative environmental stimulus
    that motivates behavior

4
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
  • begins at the base with physiological needs that
    must first be satisfied
  • then higher-level safety needs become active
  • then psychological needs become active

5
Motivation-Hunger
  • Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of
    hunger

6
Motivation-Hunger
  • Glucose
  • the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
  • provides the major source of energy for body
    tissues
  • when its level is low, we feel hunger

7
Motivation-Hunger
  • Set Point
  • the point at which an individuals weight
    thermostat is supposedly set
  • when the body falls below this weight, an
    increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate
    may act to restore the lost weight
  • Basal Metabolic Rate
  • bodys base rate of energy expenditure

8
Motivation-Hunger
  • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body
    maintenance functions

9
Motivation-Hunger
10
Eating Disorders
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • when a normal-weight person diets and becomes
    significantly (gt15) underweight, yet, still
    feeling fat, continues to starve
  • usually an adolescent female
  • Bulimia Nervosa
  • disorder characterized by episodes of overeating,
    usually of high-calorie foods, followed by
    vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive
    exercise

11
Womens Body Images
12
Sexual Motivation
  • Sex
  • a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but
    it is more affected by learning and values
  • Sexual Response Cycle
  • the four stages of sexual responding described by
    Masters and Johnson
  • excitement
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution

13
Sexual Motivation
  • Refractory Period
  • resting period after orgasm, during which a man
    cannot achieve another orgasm

14
Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
15
Sexual Motivation
  • Same drives, different attitudes

16
Sexual Motivation
  • Births to unwed parents

17
Sexual Motivation
  • Sexual Orientation
  • an enduring sexual attraction toward members of
    either ones own gender (homosexual orientation)
    or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

18
biological Correlates of sexual Orientation
  • Differences in the brain
  • A particular cell cluster in the hypothalamus is
    larger in straight men than in women and gay men
  • Corpus callosum is larger in gay men than in
    women or straight men.

19
biological Correlates of sexual Orientation
  • Genetic influence
  • Shared sexual orientation is higher among
    identical twins than among fraternal twins

20
biological Correlates of sexual Orientation
  • Influences of Prenatal Hormones
  • Altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to
    homosexuality in humans and other animals
  • Men with several older brothers are more likely
    to be gay.

21
biological Correlates of sexual Orientation
  • Observed gay-straight differences
  • Spatial abilities
  • Fingerprint ridge counts
  • Auditory system
  • Handedness
  • Occupational preferences

22
biological Correlates of sexual Orientation
  • Observed gay-straight differences
  • Relative finger lengths
  • Age at male puberty
  • Male body size
  • Directionality of hair growth on crown

23
Sexual Motivation
24
Motivation at Work
  • Flow
  • a completely, involved, focused state of
    consciousness, with diminished awareness of self
    and time, resulting from optimal engagement of
    ones skills
  • Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
  • the application of psychological concepts and
    methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

25
Motivation at Work
  • Personnel Psychology
  • sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on
    employee recruitment, selection, placement,
    training, appraisal, and development
  • Organizational Psychology
  • Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines
    organizational influences on worker satisfaction
    and productivity and facilitates organizational
    change

26
Motivation at Work
27
Motivation at Work
  • Structured Interview
  • process that asks the same job-relevant questions
    of all applicants
  • rated on established scales
  • Achievement Motivation
  • a desire for significant accomplishment
  • for mastery of things, people, or ideas
  • for attaining a high standard

28
Motivation at Work
  • Personnel psychologists tasks

29
Motivation at Work
  • 360-degree feedback

30
Motivation at Work
  • On the right path

31
Motivation
  • Task Leadership
  • goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
    organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
  • Social Leadership
  • group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,
    mediates conflict, and offers support

32
Motivation
  • Theory X
  • assumes that workers are basically lazy,
    error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
  • workers should be directed from above
  • Theory Y
  • assumes that, given challenge and freedom,
    workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and
    to demonstrate their competence and creativity
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