EHAP Review Pt. 5

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EHAP Review Pt. 5

• 1914 - 1945

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World War I (1914-1918)

• Immediate Cause the Powder Keg of Balkan
  Peninsula w/ assassination of Austrian Archduke
  Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists
• MAIN long-term causes
• Militarization (Germany unification)
• Alliances (Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente)
• Imperialism (colonial rivalries)
• Nationalism (Italy, Ger., Pan-Slavism)

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Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy, (Turkey) Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia
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Crises Leading to War

• 1905 First Moroccan Crisis Germany tried to
  take over Tangiers (Morocco)
• 1908 Balkan Crisis both Austria Serbia wanted
  to expand in the Balkans
• 1911 Second Moroccan Crisis
• Balkan Wars of 1912 1913 Greece, Bulgaria,
  Serbia defeat Ottoman Turks
• June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo the Archduke killed by
  Gavrillo Princip of the Black Hand nationalists
• Austrian Ultimatum Austria blamed Serbian
  nationalists demanded the killers

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War

• Serbians accepted some of ultimatum, but
  rejected loss of sovereignty
• German Actions mobilization
• Russia?
• mobilization
• July 28, 1914 Ger. invaded Belgium Austria
  declared war on Serbia
• Eng. Fr.?
• declared war on Ger.
• Ger. declares war on Russia Russia declares war
  against Central Powers

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The War

• German strategy Schlieffen Plan (conquer France,
  then Russia) failed
• brutal trench warfare ensued
• Russian losses were enormous led to the collapse
  of Czarist Russian in 1917
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917) Russia out of war

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New Methods of Warfare

• British naval strengthbut Ger. U-boats inflicted
  great damage in Atlantic
• sinking of the Lusitania (entrance of the U.S.)
• trench warfare
• subs
• heavy artillery/machine guns
• poison gas
• tanks planes (but ineffective)

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War Ends

• Allied victory at Battle of Verdun in Fr. turned
  tide
• armistice on Nov. 11, 1918
• Treaty of Versailles (1919) Big 4 Lloyd
  George, Clemenceau, Orlando, Wilson controlled
  conference
• League of Nations established
• Alsace Lorraine restored to Fr.
• war reparations paid by Ger.
• Ger. de-militarization
• Ger. war guilt clause
• Middle East under Mandate control by Eng. Fr.
• new countries (ex Yugoslavia)

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New Map of Europe
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World War I Casualties
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1918 Flu Pandemic
50,000,000 100,000,000 died!
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Russian Communist Rev.

• Czar Nick. II ignored demands from revolution of
  1905
• WW I dissatisfaction
• food shortages
• lack of guns/bullets for soldiers
• Rasputins influence on Czarina Alexandra

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Revolution of March, 1917

• strike in St. Petersburg
• mutiny by troops
• dissolved the Duma
• Provisional Govt takes power (run by Kerensky
  Prince Lvov)
• Czar Nick. II abdicated (royal family arrested)
• executed by the Bolshevik party
• Provisional Govt stayed in WW I, despite demands
  by Bolsheviks

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The Soviets

• Soviets small workers councils
• most radical Soviet under control of Trotsky
• Soviets called for end to war land reform for
  peasants workers
• Lenin active in Marxist party led the
  Bolsheviks

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Road to Revolution

• April 16, 1917 Lenin returns to Russia from
  exile in a sealed rail car
• Germany did this, believing that he would end
  Russias involvement in WW I
• Lenins motto Peace, Land, Bread
• exactly what peasants wanted to hear
• Civil War Bolsheviks (Reds) against Provisional
  Govt (Mensheviks Whites)

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The October Revolution

• Nov. 6, 1917 Lenin Trotsky arrested remaining
  members of Provisional Govt
• Nov. 7, 1917 Lenin renames Russia the Union of
  Soviet Socialist Republics
• 1917-1928
• enacted Soviet policies (nationalized farms
  industries)
• expected worldwide revolutions
• power struggle b/ Stalin Trotsky

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General Secretary of the Communist Party
Leninism
Politburo
Politburo
Committees
National Congress
Soviets
The Russian State from 1918 until 1989
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Internal Problems

• USSR out of WW I, but lost territory to Ger.
• 5 yr. bloody civil war
• anarchists peasants revolted in countryside

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New Economic Policy (NEP)

• Lenins method of both control relief
• limited private farms allowed some peasants to
  keep food sell it
• govt control of heavy industry trade
• Kulaks (traditional farmers) made some profits by
  NEP
• Trotsky wanted them killed
• many Kulaks starved to death under Stalin

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Stalin vs. Trotsky

• Lenin died in 1924 (in his will he left USSR to
  Trotsky)
• Trotsky wanted worldwide revolution
• Stalin rebuild USSR
• Trotsky exiled (assassinated in 1941)

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Stalinist Russia

• Great Purges (1934-38) executions, arrests,
  suicides
• Five Year Plans collectivization of agriculture
  heavy industrialization
• steel mills, electrical power, cement, railroads,
  tractors
• run by high-ranking communist party members
• Cult of personality eliminate anyone not loyal

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• "There is a person, there is a problem there is
  no person, there is no problem."

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Changing History
Four...
Three...
Two...
One...
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Soviet Foreign Policy

• initially, Stalin favored Socialism in one
  State
• late 1930s stop Hitler Fascism
• post-WWII spread the revolution (China, Korea,
  Vietnam, Cuba)

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Rise of Totalitarianism

• Leftist Communism
• Stalin USSR
• Right wing Fascism
• Italy Mussolini
• Germany Hitler
• Spain Franco

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Rise of Mussolini

• Italy switched to Allied side in WWI
• Italy disappointed w/ Treaty of Versailles
• Economy in shambles after war
• King Victor Emmanuel III no real power
• Mussolini organized fasci groups
• the Black Shirts, a para-military group emerged
• fascism political philosophy of state-controlled
  military/economy (anti-democratic
  anti-communist)
• uses terror dictatorial practices

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Fascist Italy

• 1921 Fascists elected to the parliament
• Oct. 1922 March on Rome Blackshirts
  discontented Italians marched on Rome demanding
  new govt
• King Vic. yielded constitutional authority to
  Mussolini
• he created a fascist militia
• gave himself absolute control
• allowed private property
• Fascist economy a corporate state called
  syndicalism (collective will of the people)

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Fascist Policies

• The Lateran Accords Mussolini neutralized the
  Catholic Church (1929)
• granted Vatican independence for no interference
• Foreign Policy
• sent troops to help Franco in Spanish Civil War
• occupied
• invaded Albania Ethiopia

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Germany After WW I

• Nov. 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm ousted Weimar
  Republic created
• Weimar Republic blamed for Treaty of Versailles
• Weimar Republic
• dominated by the Social Democrats
• elected 1st Pres. (Ebert)
• Constitution gave universal suffrage
• Chancellor could rule by emergency decree

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Crisis in the Weimar Rep.

• Opposition from both Communists (Sparticists)
  Fascists
• many moderate political leaders killed
• Ger. faced horrible inflation defaulted on war
  reparation payments (Fr. occupied the Ruhr)
• Stab-in-the-back theory by Ludendorff claimed
  govt surrendered even though they could have won
• Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923) Hitler
  Ludendorff led a coup were imprisoned
• while in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf

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Rise of Hitler

• Great Depression changed the political climate
• Nazi party promised to regain German greatness
• Hitler formed SA (Stormtroopers) offered a meal
  a shirt to any man who joined Nazi cause
• Nazi had lower class middle support
• 1930 Reichstag Election Nazi party gained seats
• Nazis began to march in large rallies
• Election of 1932 Hindenberg won Presidency
• Nazi party gained more seats
• 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor

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Hitlers Consolidation of Power

• Feb. 1933 Hitler arranged for a Dutchman to burn
  the Reichstag building
• fire blamed on communists
• Hitler invoked emergency clause of the
  constitution
• Hitlers Policies
• ruled through seizure, terror, dictatorship
• purged dissidents (Night of the Long Knives)
• Gestapo (secret police)
• 1934 took title of Fuehrer
• pulled Ger. out of League of Nations
• Nuremberg Laws (anti-Semitic)

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Nazi Bureaucracy

• Goebbels led the Ministry of Propaganda to
  spread Nazi ideas
• Goering built air force (Luftwaffe)
• Rosenberg spread anti-Semitic and Aryan
  supremacy theories
• Hess Chief Secretary who carried out Nazi
  policies

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Nazi Germany

• Militarization
• 4 year plans war materials, food, Autobahn
• Govt funded research in weapons
• forced labor, abolition of unions
• Nazi Youth
• Church members persecuted
• All non-Aryans barred from office
• one-party state
• Cultural Kulturkampf spread Nazi ideals
• art music (Wagner)
• glorified the Nazi mother

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Hitlers Foreign Policy

• control Europe through Lebensraum
• living space eastward for German Aryans
• led to WW II

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Spanish Civil War

• Spanish Republic (1931-36) very unstable.
• 1936 General Franco of the fascist Falange party
  led a military coup
• aided by Hitler Mussolini

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Inter-war England

• Eng. a joyless victor of WW I
• economic crises (Great Depression, inflation,
  unemployment)
• political instability (Ireland colonial
  problems)
• Conservative Party Labor Party disagreements
• rise of fascism
• Problem of Ireland hatred between Ulster in N.
  Ireland (Protestant pro-British) the rest of
  Ireland (Catholic pro-independence)
• Sinn Fein pushed for Irish independence
  (terrorism)
• Ireland broke away in 1930s (except for Ulster)

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British Mandates Dominions

• Middle East
• Egypt independence from Britain in 1922
• British still dominated Suez Canal
• Iraq independence from Britain in 1921
• British dominated oil fields until 1950s
• Palestine promised to both Arabs Jews by
  Brits
• Canada, Australia, New Zealand, S. Africa
• Statute of Westminster (1931) gave dominions
  Commonwealth free status

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Interwar France

• Fr. lost most property, wealth, pop. in WW I
• Germans stopped paying war payments
• 1923 Fr. Invaded the Ruhr (industrial area)
• 1932 Hoover Moratorium permanently end payments
• Foreign policy Pres. Poincare made secret pacts
  to avoid German attack
• Maginot Line on border (did not include border w/
  Belgium)
• President Briand signed Locarno Pacts (secured
  borders) the Kellogg-Briand Pact which
  outlawed war (1928)

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French Political Problems

• Unstable government (Political Turnstile)
• political scandals (Stravinsky affair 1933)
• radical parties
• appease Hitler or join Popular Front w/USSR?
• Leon Blum Fr. socialist who promoted a popular
  front govt
• wanted to intervene in the Spanish civil war
  nationalize some industries
• Better Hitler than Blum govt fell to
  Daladiers govt

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THE ROAD TO WW II

• Inter-war yrs. led to WW II
• economic great depression protective tariffs
• failure of the League of Nations
• NO power to enforce decisions
• U.S. did not join
• 1935 German rearmament
• resentment of Versailles by Ger.
• war guilt clause
• war reparations
• lost land

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Appeasement of Hitler

• 1935 Ger. leaves League of N.
• 1936 Ger. occupation of the Rhineland
• 1938 Anschluss (Ger.-Austrian unification)
• 1936-39 Ger. Italian aid to Franco
• March 1938, Munich Conference Hitler given
  Sudetenland for promise not annex rest of
  Czechoslovakia
• Sept. 1938 Hitler took rest Czech.

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War

• August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
  (secretly split Poland Baltic states to USSR)
• Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland
• Allies declared war
• June 1940 Fr. fell to Nazis
• Vichy France created under Marshall Petain
• Winter War (1940) USSR vs. Finland
• By early 1942 major victories for Germans
  Japs.
• U.S. entry 47 Allied nations joined war effort

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Operation Barbarossa
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The Russian Front

• June 1941 Ger. invaded USSR
• winter conditions Russian scorched earth policy
  slowed Ger.
• June 1942 Battle of Stalingrad
• turning point in Eastern front
• Russians now on the offensive
• The Teheran Conference Dec. 1943 The Big
  Three (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) met to
  coordinate war plans

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90 of Stalingrad destroyed
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Mediterranean Front

• German Afrika Korps led by General Rommel (the
  Desert Fox)
• British defeated Rommel at Battle of El Alamein
• General Montgomery (Br.) Eisenhower (U.S.) took
  N. Africa in May, 1943
• Italy
• Allied invasion of Sicily Italy
• Italy surrendered Mussolini executed

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D-Day

• June 6, 1944 D-Day
• Allied invasion of beaches of Normandy, Fr.
• Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) Big Three met
• Final war decisions
• allowed USSR to liberate Berlin
• agreed to divide Ger. after war
• agreed to hold Nuremberg trials
• Spring 1945 Allies entered the Rhineland
• May 8, 1945 Victory Europe Day
• Russians entered Berlin
• Ger. surrendered after Hitler committed suicide

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The Big Three
Joseph Stalin, F.D.R., Winston Churchill
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The Potsdam Conference

• July-August 1945
• Big Three
• carry out Yalta provisions
• de-Nazify demilitarize Ger.
• war reparations for Ger.

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U.N. flag (HQ in N.Y.C.)
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