Chapter 17: An Age of Exploration and Expansion

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Chapter 17 An Age of Exploration and Expansion
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Exploring New Lands

• Main Reason for Exploration New Wealth
• Spices and Asian luxury goods made many merchants
  wealthy during Crusades
• Simple Supply and Demand
• How it worked Early
• Muslims brought goods from the East to
  Mediterranean and sold to Italians
• Italians took goods and spread over W. Europe
• This became very Expensive for Europeans
• To bypass the Italians, Trade routes were found

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The other goal Spread Christianity

• Europeans believed it was their sacred duty to
• fight Muslims
• convert non-Christians

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Technology

• New Advances made Exploration possible
• Caravel sturdy new sea vessel
• Triangular sails allowed movement against wind
• Astrolabe Allowed for better Navigation
• Compass

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The Portuguese

• Leaders in European Exploration
• Had great govt. support
• Prince Henry Great Supporter
• Wanted to locate the treasures of the east
• Founded a navigation school
• Helped set up trading posts on African coast
• Gold and Ivory!
• 1448 Bartolomeu Dias reaches African tip
• 1497 Vasco da Gama begins explring E. Africa
  Coast
• Reaches India in 1498
• Cargo from the trip was worth 60X what the trip
  cost to make

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The Spanish do work

• 1492 Columbus sailed across the Atlantic in
  search of Asia
• Found the Caribbean, thought it was Asia
• Led to European Colonization of America
• Rivalry between Spain and Portugal
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Magellan passed through a waterway along the tip
  of South America, Strait of Magellan
• Philippines, but indigenous people there killed
  Magellan

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New Lands to Explore

• Treaty of Tordesillas
• called for a boundary line extending from north
  to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the
  easternmost part of the South American continent.
• treaty gave Portugal control over its route
  around Africa
• gave Spain rights to almost all of the Americas

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• John Cabot, explored the New England coastline of
  the Americas on behalf of England
• Portuguese sea captain Pedro Cabral landed in
  South America in 1500, which established
  Portugals claim to the region later named Brazil
• Amerigo Vespucci, His letters describing the
  lands he saw led to the use of the name America
  (after Amerigo) for the new lands.

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The Spanish Empire

• Conquistadors firearms, organizational skills,
  and determination brought them extraordinary
  success
• Conquest of the Aztec
• Hernán Cortés landed at Veracruz,
• Cortés marched to Tenochtitlán with a small
  number of troops550 soldiers and 16 horses

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• as he went, he made alliances
• La Malinche
• Cortés arrived at Tenochtitlán and was welcomed
  by the Aztec monarch Montezuma
• one year after Cortés had first arrived, the
  local population revolted and drove the invaders
  from the city
• many Aztec fell sick and died, especially from
  smallpox carried to the Americas by the Spaniards

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• Francisco Pizarro landed on the Pacific coast of
  South America with only a small band of about 180
  men
• Pizarro brought steel weapons, gunpowder, horses,
  and smallpox
• Pizarro captured Atahuallpa
• Pizarro had established a new capital at Lima for
  a new colony of the Spanish Empire.

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Portugals Trading Empire

• 1500Continued to Expand East from India
• Goa (Western Indian Coast) was capital
• Gained control of the Spice Islands
• Europeans like this Empire
• It was much cheaper than paying the Italians
• Most goods were 1/5 the price
• Other nations followed soon after

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Other Nations Challenge the Empire

• 1600 English and Dutch (Netherlands) take power
  from Portugal
• Ned. gains independence in 1581
• Became a sea power thereafter
• 20,000 ship fleet largest in the world
• Created East India Companies to improve trade
• Dutch East India Company more powerful than
  English
• Soon had complete control of the region
• Amsterdam becomes Europes leading commercial
  center

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Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism

• In less than 300 years, the European age of
  exploration changed the world
• European nations established many trading posts
  and colonies in the Americas and in the East.
• these colonies played a role in the theory of
  mercantilism favorable balance of trade

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The Columbian Exchange

• Colonization and trade drove the Columbian
  Exchange
• Colonists established plantations to grow sugar,
  cotton, vanilla, and other crops introduced to
  the Americas
• Europeans brought such plants and animals as
  wheat, citrus fruit, honeybees, horses, and
  cattle to the Americas

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• Agricultural products native to the Americas,
  such as potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, and
  tobacco, were shipped to Europe.

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European Rivals in the East

• Dutch formed the East India Company and gradually
  pushed the Portuguese out of the spice trade
• the British had established a number of trading
  posts in India
• English ships carried Indian-made cotton goods to
  the East Indies

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Spanish ship carried the first enslaved Africans
  directly from Africa to the Americas
• The triangular trade
• European manufactured goods, such as guns and
  cloth to Africa
• enslaved Africans were then sent to the Americas
  and sold (middle passage)
• merchants then bought tobacco, molasses, sugar,
  and raw cotton in the Americas and shipped them
  back to Europe

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Colonial Empires in Latin America

• Colonial Latin America was divided by social
  classes that were based on status
• Peninsulares - Creoles
• Spanish rulers permitted intermarriage between
  Europeans and Native Americans -mestizos
• the offspring of Africans and Europeans -mulattoes

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Economic Foundations

• Wealth for the Portuguese and Spanish came from
  resource extraction
• Farming became a more enduring source of
  prosperity
• the Spanish used the encomienda system