Title: 1750-1914: The Age of European Hegemony Chapter 23 and 24: Industrialization and Imperialism
11750-1914 The Age of EuropeanHegemonyChapter
23 and 24 Industrialization and Imperialism
21750-1914 Introduction
- Growing European imperialism dominated the world
- The West came to mean North America as well as
Western Europe
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4Why 1750?
- Beginning of Industrialization in Western Europe
- Build up to the Seven Years War 1756-1763 (The
first world war)
5The Expanding World Economy
- Western economic domination began about 1750 and
has continued to the present day. - There are three reasons for this economic
success (The Three Shuns)
61. Industrialization
- European expansion was aided by the Industrial
Revolution which began about 1750 - The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and
spread through Western Europe and North America - Access to large deposits of coal enabled the
Europeans to industrialize quickly
7Metals, Woolens, Canals
8Coalfields Industrial Areas
9Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
10Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
11The Factory System
- Rigid schedule.
- 12-14 hour day.
- Dangerous conditions.
- Mind-numbing monotony.
12Textile FactoryWorkers in England
13John Kays Flying Shuttle
14James Watts Steam Engine
15Steam Ship
16An Early Steam Locomotive
17The Impact of the Railroad
18Effects of Industrialization
- Massive population growth
- Urbanization accelerated in the West
- Growth of the bourgeoisie who demanded more
political power - Growth of nationalism in Europe and elsewhere
- Lower class women and children found factory work
alongside men - Middle and upper class women withdrew into the
home (a womans place is in the home)
19Effects of Industrialization
- Literacy rates improved
- Mass marketing techniques (advertising)
- New ideologies (Marxism) and new forms of
religions (fundamentalist Christianity) to deal
with social pressures - De-Industrialization occurred in Asia, Africa,
and the Americas - Decline and ending of slave and serf labor
(Agricultural areas fell farther and farther
behind industrial regions)
202. Organization
- Western political, social, and economic
organization enabled domination of other areas - Western nation states had well organized
governments and strong armies and navies - Most importantly the West developed
sophisticated financial institutions capable of
raising funds for exploration and colonization
21The Stock Exchange
- Made it possible to raise large sums of capital
for business and expansion - Investment opportunities for many people, not
just kings and nobility - The first stock exchanges developed in Holland
(Amsterdam) and England (London)
22Joint Stock Companies
- Also known as corporations
- Formed with support from national governments
- Allowed investors to share in profits and earn
dividends from industry and colonization - Sometimes granted monopoly power over certain
regions or products
23The British East India Company 1600-1858
- The most powerful and influential joint stock
company - Formed to organize trade with India
- Became the dominant British /colonial trading
company - Eventually took control of Mughal India
- Instigator of Boston Tea Party
24Sir John Popham 1531-1607
25Littlecote House
263. Exploitation
- Economic and military power enabled the West to
dominate and exploit other regions - India, Africa, Latin America, much of Asia and
Oceania came under Western exploitation during
the 1750-1914 period
27Mercantilism
- Dominant form of capitalism in early 1750-1914
period - Mercantilism assumed that trade and war were
always linked - Colonies were essential to provide raw materials
and markets for finished goods
28Major World Trading Regions in 1750
- North Atlantic fish and furs, lumber
- Fur trade required cooperation between Europeans
and indigenous peoples - South Atlantic slaves, sugar, silver
- Slave trade required cooperation between
Europeans and indigenous peoples - Indian Ocean silver, textiles, Chinese products.
- Most Indian Ocean trade required cooperation
between Europeans and indigenous peoples
29Division of the World 1800
- The Core Western Europe, Northern US.
Industrialized, free labor, strong nations, large
bourgeoisies - The Semi-Periphery Russia, Eastern and Southern
Europe. Agriculture, serfdom, weak nations and
small bourgeoisies - The Periphery Southern US and Latin America,
India. Agriculture, slavery, colonial or
semi-colonial states, non-existent bourgeoisie - During the nineteenth century much of Asia,
Africa, and China would be forced into the
Periphery
30The West 1750-1914 Industrialization and
Expansion
- Enlightenment values encouraged scientific
inquiry, calls for political reform and
individual liberties, and other social changes - In 1776 Adam Smith published The Wealth of
Nations, which advocated laissez-faire
capitalism over mercantilism
31The American Revolution
- Many Americans were influenced by Enlightenment
ideas - John Lockes arguments for government by the
consent of the governed also had influence - British mercantile policies angered American
colonists - British attempts to directly control the colonies
also stirred up anger
32The American Philosophes
John Adams(1745-1826)
ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)
Ben Franklin(1706-1790)
...life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness...
33The French Monarchy1775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette Louis XVI
34Socio-Economic Data, 1789
35Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789
36March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the bakers wife and the
bakers boy!
37The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
August 26, 1789
38Louis XVI Accepts the Constitution the
National Assembly. 1791
39Attitudes actions of monarchy court
Fear ofCounter-Revolution
Religiousdivisions
The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795
Politicaldivisions
EconomicCrises
War
40The Storming of the TuilieresAugust 9-10, 1792
41Committee for Public Safety
- Revolutionary Tribunals.
- 300,000 arrested.
- 16,000 50,000 executed.
42The Levee en MasseAn Entire Nation at Arms!
500,000 Soldiers
An army based on merit, not birth!
43Louis XVIs Head (January 21, 1793)
44Bonaparte, 1798 Jacques Louis David FIRST
CONSUL
45Napoleon on His Imperial Throne 1806 By Jean
AugusteDominique Ingres
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47Napoleons Legacy
- Napoleons armies carried the ideals of the
French Revolution across Europe - Most importantly, Napoleon inspired nationalism,
the love of ones country, throughout Europe - During the nineteenth century, nations that were
able to encourage nationalism grew stronger - Multi-national states like Austria and Russia
were weakened by nationalism - Nationalism eventually spread to Latin America
and other regions
48The Congress of Vienna
- Held in 1814-1815 to restore Europe to its
pre-Revolutionary and Napoleonic condition - Led by Count Klemens von Metternich and other
reactionaries and conservatives - Most European bourgeoisie favored representative
governments and civil liberties. This was ignored
by the Congress of Vienna. - The Congress of Viennas policies dominated
Europe for the next thirty years
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50The Political Spectrum
TODAY
1790s
The Plain(uncommitted)
Montagnards(The Mountain)
Girondists
Monarchíen(Royalists)
Jacobins
51The Political Spectrum in Nineteenth Century
Europe
- Right Wing Conservatives preserve traditional
order, support Monarchies and Established
Churches ( nobility, peasants) - Moderates Liberals civil liberties, religious
toleration, parliaments controlled by bourgeoisie
(middle classes) - Left Wing Radicals eliminate or limit
private property, classes. Democratic rule
(factory workers) - Nationalism a common element of all three groups
(less so with left wing)
52Abolition of Serfdom and Slavery
- Industrialization meant forced labor was less
necessary - Religious groups and reformers urged an end to
the slave trade - Britains navy patrolled the Atlantic coast of
Africa to stop slave shipments - Russia ended serfdom 1861, US ended slavery 1865
53Utopian Socialists
- Called for better conditions for factory workers
and poor - Eliminate or limit private property
- Voting rights for all (sometimes even women!)
54Karl Marx and Scientific Socialism (Marxism,
Communism)
- Born 1818, Germany (middle class background)
- Student of history and philosophy.
- Believed utopian socialists were idealists and
fools who did not go far enough - Author of (among others) The Communist Manifesto,
1848, Das Kapital (posthumously 1883) - Died 1883, London
55Marxism
- History is always determined by economic forces
- Throughout history there have been two groups
haves (thesis) and have nots(antithesis) - These groups are locked in conflict (the (class
struggle) - Always, the have nots destroy the haves and
become the new haves, (synthesis) and the
struggle continues (the dialectic)
56Marxism
- In the industrial age, the class struggle reaches
its last phase - Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
- The Proletariat will destroy the Bourgeoisie
- The class struggle will end in a classless
society of complete freedom and common ownership
of all property - Class, government, and religion will end
57Mid Nineteenth Century Europe
- Rapid changes due to industrialization,
urbanization - Better communication and transportation
- Growing nationalism
- Dissatisfaction with the Congress of Viennas
settlements grew - Revolutions in 1848 The Year of Revolutions led
to overthrow of absolute monarchies and
establishment of more parliamentary monarchies
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59Late Nineteenth Century Europe
- Unification movements in Italy, Germany led to
new nation states - Nationalism caused new pressure on Austria,
Russia, Ottoman Empire - Industrialization led to better health care,
lower birth rates, higher standards of living
(for middle classes and to a lesser degree
workers, too) - Workers in many areas attracted to socialism,
Marxism - Women demanded more rights and right to vote
60Transportation and Communication
- Steamships and railroads developed in early 1800s
- 1844 First telegraph message
- Telegraphs developed alongside railroad lines
- 1851 submarine cables linked Britain to Europe
- 1866 transatlantic cables linked North America
and Europe
61Artistic Developments
- Romanticism early to mid nineteenth century.
reaction against the Enlightenment (emotion,
revolution, focus on nature, etc.) - Impressionism late nineteenth century. Attempt
to accurately record impressions of light, color,
and reality.
62Liberty Leading the People Eugene Delacroix
63Waterlilies Claude Monet
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65Late Nineteenth Century Europe
- Scientific Advances
- 1.Charles Darwin
- 2.Albert Einstein
- 3.Sigmund Freud
- Consumer Society, advertising, literacy
- Political reform extension of franchise
- Colonial and economic rivalries, militarism,
lead towards conflict
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67The Spread of the West
- Growth of the United States
- American exceptionalism
- Western settler societies
- Canada
- Australia
- New Zealand
68Imperialism
69Reasons for Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
- Before industrialization, Europeans sought to
conquer new territories to gain new manufactured
goods, precious resources, and to spread
Christianity. - After industrialization, Europeans sought to
conquer new territories to gain raw materials for
their industries and to gain new markets.
Religious conversion was not a major concern.
70Reasons for Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
- Competition among nation states within the West
(nationalism, militarism) - Technological and industrial advances in the West
led to development of better weapons - Public opinion within the West (popular press,
jingoism) - Pressure to relieve unemployment and overcrowding
in the West - Major imperialist powers Britain, France,
Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, United
States
71Jingoism in the newspapers
72Social Darwinism
- Application of Darwins ideas to human society
- Herbert Spencer, Francis Galton
- Eugenics
- Survival of the fittest
- Masculine vs Feminine
- White Mans Burden
73How India Came Under British Rule
- British East India Company formed to trade with
India - 1627 Mughal Shah Jahangir granted the Company
permission to build a factory - By late 1600s the Company had factories in
Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay and many interests
elsewhere in India - Silver and gold from foreign trade flooded India
and weakened the economy
74Coins of the British East India Co.
1719 coin 1804 coin
75How India Came Under British Rule
- The Company took over the Mughal tax system and
established its own sepoy army - In the 1750s Britain and France were engaged in
the Seven Years War - The Nawab of Bengal revolted against increasing
Company influence and captured a Company fort in
Calcutta
76How India Came Under British Rule
- The Black Hole of Calcutta 146 British prisoners
were placed in a room measuring 18 X 15 feet.
Only 23 survived the night. (possibly
exaggerated) - Colonel Robert Clive commanding a sepoy army
defeated the Nawab at Plassey June 23, 1757 - The Battle of Plassey is considered the starting
point for British domination of India the Raj
77The Raj
- India under Company control became a dependent
economy - British policy intentionally bankrupted Indian
industries and forced India into producing
agricultural goods, especially cotton, for the
British market - British taxation forced many peasant farmers to
sell their land to large owners and become
tenants
78Sepoys, 1850s
791857 The Sepoy Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)
- Dissatisfaction with Company rule and increasing
poverty caused many rebellions - In early 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion began
- 70 of the Sepoy soldiers joined the rebellion,
and the British were forced to send for
reinforcements - By the end of 1857 the rebellion had been put
down, but with heavy British losses
80The Sepoy Mutiny 1857
81The Siege of Lucknow
82Well of the Kanpur Massacre
83Execution of SepoysThe Devils Wind
84India After The Rebellion
- British East India Company decommissioned
- India now under direct British rule
- Queen Victoria declared Empress of India,
Viceroys appointed to govern India - The Jewel in the Crown and The Pivot of
Empire - Sepoys used to control other colonies
- India a supply center for the rest of the Empire
- British in India lived luxurious lives
85Queen Victoria, Empress of India
86Queen Victoria with an Indian servant
87Assorted British Soldiers, 1890s
88The Marchioness of Curzon, Vicereine of India,
1904
89Living Like a Maharajah
90Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s
91Simla Little England in the mountains of
India
92Victoria Station, Bombay
93Chartered Bank of Calcutta,
1915
941911 Durbar High Point of the Raj
95Weaponry and Imperialism
- Until the mid nineteenth century, Europe had no
overwhelming advantages over other areas in
weaponry - During the 1850s and 1860s, rifles using
percussion caps and cartridges introduced - Smokeless powder, automatic repeating rifles
(Maxims) introduced in 1880s - Exploding bullets (dum dums) introduced by end of
the century
96Battle of Omdurman, September 2, 1898
- British side 8,200 British troops, 17,600
Egyptian and Sudanese troops - Mahdi side 52,000 African troops
- British casualties 48 dead, 434 wounded
- Mahdist casualties 9,700 killed, 13,000
wounded, 5000 captured
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98The Tasmanians Another branch of the human race
driven into extinction
- 1803 2,000-20,000 Tasmanians when 49 British
settlers arrived - 1820 12,000 British settlers, 1,000 Tasmanians
- Last Tasmanians William King Billy Lanney
(died 1869 aged 34)and his wife Trucanini (died
1876, skeleton displayed in Hobart Museum)
99Mathinna A Lost Tasmanian Girl
100The Scramble for Africa
- European rivalries and the demand for raw
materials and new markets sparked a race to
colonize and dominate Africa between 1870-1900 - Advances in medical care (especially the
development of quinine) meant Africa was now
easier for Europeans to penetrate. - By 1914 all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia
was under European domination
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102The Belgian Congo
- Rich region in Congo River basin with 20 million
inhabitants - Made famous in mid nineteenth century by Dr.
David Livingstone and Henry Stanley - King Leopold II of Belgium encouraged exploration
of the Congo region on humanitarian grounds - Actually, Leopold was interested in exploitation
of the Congos rich resources, especially rubber
103Atrocities in the Belgian Congo
104Newspaper Reactions to the Belgian Atrocities
105Ota Benga A Pygmy in the Bronx Zoo
- Pygmy from the Congo who survived the Belgian
slaughter of his village - Part of a display in the St. Louis Worlds Fair
of 1904. - On display in the monkey house of the Bronx Zoo
for several months in 1906
106South Africa Europeans fighting Europeans in
Africa
- South Africa was part of the British Empire after
1815 - The Boers were European settlers who disliked
British rule - Indigenous Africans were enslaved and
dispossessed by the Boers and British - In the Great Trek of the 1830s, the Boers left
the Cape region and established two independent
republics, the Orange Free State and the
Transvaal, fighting and dispossessing the
indigenous peoples there
107South Africa Europeans fighting Europeans in
Africa
- In the late 1800s, gold and diamonds were
discovered in the Boer republics, and the British
began to reassert control over them. - This led to the Boer War of 1899-1902 and the
semi-independence of South Africa
108Opposition to Imperialism Among Europeans
- Evangelical Christianity opposed slavery and
imperialism - The philosophical movement of Utilitarianism
opposed imperialism as wasteful - Some political leaders opposed imperialism on
moral and economic grounds - Authors like Rudyard Kipling and Mark Twain
criticized European exploitation of other peoples - This opposition led to some reforms, like France
granting citizenship to educated indigenous
peoples in its colonies
109Indigenous Opposition to Imperialism
- New Zealand Maoris were able to adapt to British
colonizers and eventually helped create a
multi-racial society - Siam King Mongkut IV encouraged Westernization
and avoided European domination of his country - In most areas, however, European contact led to
heavy population losses and economic and cultural
domination
110Types of European Colonies
- Tropical Dependencies Large indigenous
populations, small European population (India,
most of Africa, Southeast Asia) - White Dominions Large European populations,
small indigenous groups (Canada, New Zealand,
Australia) - Contested Settler Colonies Large indigenous
populations, substantial European populations,
tension and often conflict between groups (South
Africa)