Unit 3: The Early American Republic : 1783- 1824

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Unit 3 The Early American Republic 1783- 1824
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The Articles of Confederation

• The Basics
• Confederation of Thirteen States Weak Federal
  Government
• Legislature No Executive or Judicial Branch
• Each State had one vote 9 states to pass laws,
  13 to amend
• Powers Conduct War Foreign Relations, Borrow
  Issue Money
• Could Not Levy Taxes, Regulate Trade, or Draft
  Troops
• Problems with the Articles

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Document Analysis

• On the APUSH DBQ, documents must be analyzed
  based on intended audience, intended purpose,
  historical context, or point of view. We will
  begin practicing this today.
• For each of the documents identify
• Intended Audience Who is the document written
  for? Who is the target audience? Who is the
  document trying to convince?
• Intended Purpose What is the reason behind the
  document? Why was it written?
• Historical Context What is happening in the
  United States at the time the document is
  published? What has happened before that would
  help explain the document?
• POV Who is the author and how does that affect
  the meaning of the document? What is the opinion
  of the author and how was that influenced by who
  they are?
• Explain the problems with the Articles of
  Confederation that the document addresses.
• Choose one quote from each document that could be
  used to support the claim above.

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The Articles of Confederation and the Northwest
Territory

• Northwest Ordinance (Land Ordinances of 1784,85,
  and 87)
• Towns of 36 square miles,
  sold in 1 square mile
  sections
• 4 plots reserved for govt,
  one for
  school
• Population of 60,000 could
  apply for statehood
• No Slavery
• Freedom of Religion
• Right to Trial by Jury

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The Constitutional Convention

• - 1787- 55 Delegates met in Philadelphia
  Pennsylvania
• - George Washington presided as president
• - Virginia Plan James Madison Three
  Branches
• Controversies and Compromises
• 1. Small States vs. Large States
• - Representation Virginia Plan v. New Jersey
  Plan
• - Great (CT) Compromise Bicameral Legislature
• 2. North vs. South
• - Counting of Slaves 3/5 Compromise
• - Slave Trade 1808
• - Commerce Imports not Exports
• 3. Federalists v. Anti-federalists
• - Election of the President Electoral
  
  
  College
• - Taxes Excises not Incomes (Direct)

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The Constitution

• Foundations of the Constitution
• Enlightenment Philosophers (Locke, Montesquieu,
  Voltaire, Rousseau)
• Ancient Greece and Rome
• British Government (Magna Carta)
• Americas colonial experiences
• Principles of the New Government
• Federal Republic - Federal System Federal and
  State Governments
• Popular Sovereignty
• Rule by Law Supreme Law of the Land
• National System Separation of Powers, Checks
  Balances
• Limited Power protect from tyranny (govt and
  people)
• Ratification
• 9 of 13 states at special conventions
• Federalists v. Antifederalists
• Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, James
  Madison, John Jay
• Bill of Rights NY, VA, and MA

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The Debate Over Ratification

• Federalists

• Antifederalists

• No Protection of rights or liberties
• Government will become to powerful, Could result
  in Monarch, Military
• Taxes will be too high, Wealthy/Elites will
  control government
• Rebellion ok, people have right to air grievances
  and change govts
• Giving government these powers will take away
  freedom and equality of opportunity, return to
  life under British Gov

• Rights are natural, no govt or constitution can
  give them to people
• Government power is limited, Checks and Balances,
  Federalism
• House of Representative Direct Election, Short
  Term, tax powers limited
• Articles had failed, no laws, disorder
• Economy is in ruins, Govt must have power to
  regulate money, trade, and repayment of debts

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The Bill of Rights

• The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution
  during the presidency of George Washington. It
  was added to appease the antifederalists and
  allow for the ratification of the Constitution.
  Overall, the Bill of Rights has two main
  purposes
• Protect Civil Liberties
• 1st Amendment Freedom of religion, Freedom of
  Expression
• 4th 8th Protect the rights of those accused
  of crimes unreasonable searches and seizures,
  trial rights, no cruel and unusual punishment
• 9th all rights not listed are still protected
• Limit the power of the federal government
• All Rights listed limit the power
• 2nd Amendment Right to bear arms
• 10th Amendment States rights amendment all
  powers not delegated to the federal government
  are reserved for the people and/or the states

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George Washington and Hamiltons Financial Plan

• One of the most pressing problems facing the new
  nation was the economy. In order to stimulate
  economic growth and stabilize the economy,
  Washington relied on Alexander Hamilton, the
  Secretary of the Treasury. His plan would have a
  long term impact on both the economy and politics
  in the new republic.
• Hamiltons Financial Program
• Funded the Revolutionary War Debt at Par
• Assumed State Debts
• Excise Tax (Distilled Liquor)
• Tariffs
• Bank of the United States Elastic Clause

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The First Party System

• Federalists

• Democrat-Republicans

• Hamilton, Washington
• Strong Federal Government
• Federal Power (Elastic Clause, Supremacy Clause,
  Loose Construction) Bank is constitutional
• Commercial Economy support tariffs
• Northeast, Merchants, Business, Urban

• Jefferson, Madison
• Weak, Decentralized Federal Government
• State Power (10th Amendment, Strict Construction)
  Bank is unconstitutional
• Agrarian Economy against tariffs
• Southerners and Westerners, Farmers, Rural

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Washingtons Farewell Address

• Washington left office after two terms as
  President
• Upon leaving office, he published his farewell
  address in the Newspapers
• In the address he warns the American people of
  the dangers of
• Sectional Rivalries (North v. South, East v.
  West)
• Political Parties and rivalries over political
  power
• The strains westward expansion would cause the
  new nation
• Permanent (entangling) alliances in foreign
  affairs
• These are all issues that he dealt with as
  President and issues that the Presidents that
  followed would have to deal with as well

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Grade the President Project

• For this project each group in the class will be
  required to put together a presentation on one of
  the first four Presidents.
• The group will grade the President on his
  handling of Domestic issues and on Foreign
  Affairs
• Groups must identify (for both domestic and
  foreign policies)
• What the Presidents goals were
• Actions, Laws, Programs, etc. he implemented in
  order the achieve the goals
• How successful the President was in achieving the
  goals and handling the challenges highlighted in
  Washington's Farewell Address
• The grade (A-F) given and a justification using
  historical evidence for that grade (Claim and
  Evidence)
• The Presidents that will be graded are
• George Washington (Federalist 1789-1797)
• John Adams (Federalist 1797-1801)
• - Revolution of 1800 -
• Thomas Jefferson (Democrat-Republican
  1801-1809)
• James Madison (Democrat-Republican 1809-1817)

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The Marshall Court

• John Marshall was Chief Justice from 1801-1835.
  He was a federalist and did much to further their
  vision of America. The decisions his court would
  make had huge implications for the future of the
  US. His court set precedents in two areas
• Increased the power of the federal government
  over the states
• Helped commercial interests in the United States
• Examples
• Marbury v. Madison Midnight Judges and
  Judiciary Act of 1787, Judicial Review
• McCulloch v. Maryland Elastic Clause, Bank of
  US is constitutional
• Gibbons v. Ogden Ferry service on the Hudson
  River, US Congress has power to regulate commerce
  not the states

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Louisiana Purchase
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The War of 1812

• Causes of the War
• Trading Rights of a neutral nation
• 1805 Napoleons Continental System
• 1806 Britains Orders in Council
• Impressments Chesapeake Leopard Incident 1807
• Embargo of 1807, Macons Bill No. 2
• Native Americans in the Northwest
• Tecumseh The Prophet
• British Buffer State
• William Henry Harrison, Assimilation, Battle of
  Tippecanoe
• War Hawks Respect for the nation, expansion
  into Florida and Canada, new leaders

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Our ships all in motion Once whitend the
ocean They saild and returnd with a cargo Now
doomd to decay They are falling a prey To
Jefferson, worms and embargo - New Hampshire
Newspaper 1808
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James Monroe and The Era of Good Feelings

• The end of the war of 1812 was largely a result
  of the defeat of Napoleon in Europe and had
  little to do with American success in the war.
  Although they had some key battle victories, the
  war was very short of anything that could be
  labeled a military success. Despite this, the
  war would have profound effects on the new
  nation. Most importantly, it would spur a huge
  wave of nationalism that would greatly change the
  United States over the next ten years. This
  period is referred to as the Era of Good
  Feelings.
• Political Nationalism
• Hartford Convention 1815 End of Federalist
  Party
• James Monroe and the Election of 1816 and 1820,
  Goodwill Tour
• Star Spangled Banner Francis Scott Key
• New Leaders Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Jackson,
  Harrison

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• Economic Nationalism
• Protective Tariff 1816 20-25
• Second Bank of the United States 1816
• Growth of Textile Industry and Manufacturing
• Growth of Transportation-Internal Improvements-
  Roads and Canals
• - Henry Clays American System
• - Calhouns Bonus Bill (1.5 mil) Madisons
  Veto
• Westward Expansion (1/4 West of Appalachians by
  1820) Northwest Battle of Thames
  Southwest Battle of Horseshoe Bend Four
  New States IN and IL, MI and AL
• 3. Nationalism in Foreign Policy
• 1815 and 1817 Treaties with British
• 1819 Jackson and the Seminole War - Adams-Onis
  Treaty
• 1823 Monroe Doctrine

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Concerns for the Future

• Despite all of this, there were also indicators
  of major problems that the US would face in
  upcoming years. These also indicate a return to
  political and regional rivalries
• Panic of 1819
• 6 yrs of Depression caused by rise of prices and
  speculation
• Availability of credit? Role of the Bank of the
  United States?
• Periods of Boom and Bust for next 100 years
• Missouri Compromise
• 1819 Missouri applies for statehood
• 11 Slave States 11 Free States
• Compromise Missouri and Maine, 3630 line in
  Louisiana Purchase
• Corrupt Bargain Election of 1824
• Four Candidates Democrat-Republicans
• Henry Clay, John Q Adams, Andrew Jackson,
  Crawford
• Jackson won popular vote, Adams won election in
  House

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