Unit II: Making a New Republic Chapters 6 11

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Unit II Making a New Republic (Chapters 6 - 11)

• History 1301 US History Part I
• Dr. Carol A. Keller

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Unit II Making a New Republic (Chapters 6 - 11)

• Overview
• The American People the
• American Revolution
• Reshaping the Republic
• The Republic Launched
• The Jeffersonian Republic
• The Opening Of America
• The Rise of Democracy

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Learning Outcomes Revolution

• Understand the nature of 18th century warfare and
  be able to analyze the question, Will they fight?
• Be able to account for the difference between
  loyalists and revolutionaries why some
  Americans become loyalists or try to remain
  neutral during the revolutionary struggle.
• Comprehend the military strategy during the war,
  tracing the course of the conflict from north to
  south.
• Understand the significance of the British
  surrender at Saratoga and the consequences of
  French entry into the war
• Be able to describe the climate of opinion in
  these United States in 1783

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Global Events

• Global Rise in Population
• China 150 m. in 1700 / 331 m. in 1800
• Europe 118 m. to 187 m.
• Slavery Expands
• The Age of Revolutions
• Wars for Independence in English Spanish
  America
• French Revolution
• White Lotus Rebellion in China
• Slaves revolt in Haiti

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The American People the American
Revolution (6)

• Preview Would Americans actually fight for
  independence? Even after the Battle of Bunker
  Hill, the answer was not clear. But British
  victories in the North were countered by an
  American triumph at Saratoga, convincing the
  French to commit to a crucial alliance with the
  United States.
• The Highlights
• The Decision for Independence
• The Fighting in the North
• The Turning Point
• The Struggle in the South
• The World Turned Upside Down

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The American People the American Revolution (6)

• Eroding the Bonds of Empire
• The Boston Massacre
• The Boston Tea Party, 1773
• Continental Congress
• Lexington
• Concord
• (April, 1775)
• Independence ?

John Trumbell Declaration of Independence
4 July 1776
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The Decision for Independence

• The Second Continental Congress
• Drafted the Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
  as a last-ditch effort at peace
• British aggressive response
• Governor Dunmore of Virginia offers freedom to
  any slaves who will fight for the British

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• The Declaration
• Thomas Jefferson, age 33, selected to write the
  explanation of Americas attempts at independence
• Blams George III, affirms government by consent
  of the people
• Declaration of Independence adopted, July 4, 1776
• American Loyalists
• Large pockets of loyalists, or tories, in the
  colonies seaboard areas parts of the
  backcountry

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The Fighting in the North

• Two Armies at Bay
• Washington faced a powerful foe in the British
  army
• Cobbled together the Continental regulars and
  colonial militias
• Trouble gaining enlistments
• times that try mens souls Thomas Paine
• Women of the Army were wives of poor soldiers
  who did support work in exchange for half-rations
• Laying Strategies
• British assumed rebellion could be quashed by
  focusing on Massachusetts resistance
• By 1776, British enlarged target to New England
• Problems in British military leadership William
  and Richard Howe

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• The Campaigns in New York and New Jersey
• Continental victories at Trenton Princeton
  spurred support for the rebellion

George Washington at Princeton
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• Capturing Philadelphia
• Summer 1777 British focus on Philadelphia
• Washingtons army defeated at Brandywine
  Germantown
• Even with British capture of the city in the fall
  of 1777, British conduct engendered hatred
• Disaster at Saratoga
• Just days after the capture of Philadelphia,
  Americans achieve most significant victory to
  that point of the war in New York
• Victory convinces France to help Americans

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The Turning Point

• The American Revolution Becomes a Global War
• Benjamin Franklin the key figure in strengthening
  the French-American alliance
• Winding Down the War in the North
• Winter of 1778 a low point for Continental Army
  at Valley Forge
• Series of army uprisings, 1779-81

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Washington Crossing the Delaware Emanuel
Leutze, Dusseldorf - 1850
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• War in the West
• Contest between the British Americans over
  Indian alliances
• Most tribes remained neutral
• The Home Front in the North
• Devastation from war continues to produce social,
  economic, and political problems
• Daughters of Liberty remain vigilant supporters
  of war effort

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The Struggle in the South
Between the autumn of 1778 and the summer of
1781, while Washington and his restless army
waited outside New York City, the British opened
another theater in the American war. Despite
their armed presence in the North, the British
had come to believe that their most vital aim was
to regain their colonies in the mainland South
(185).

• The Siege of Charleston
• British captures Savannah, Georgia in 1778
• Moved on to Charleston, which surrendered in 1780

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• The Partisan Struggle in the South
• The fall of Charleston energizes the loyalist
  movement on the frontier
• Rebels loyalists battle for the backcountry,
  brutal acts
• Major American defeat at Camden, S.C.
• Green Takes Command
• Defeated general at Camden, Horatio Gates,
  replaced by Nathaniel Greene
• Greene begins unconventional campaign against
  superior British forces
• Southern militia units stem the British advance
  northward

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The British also lost in the Carolinas because
they did not seek greater support from those
southerners who would have fought for liberty
with the BritishAfrican American slaves (189).

• African Americans in the Age of Revolution
• Black Americans make up 1/3 of southern
  population
• Dunmores offer of freedom in 1774 sparks white
  fears of slave rebellion never materializes
• African Americans seek liberty by fighting for
  both sides approximately 55,000 flee to freedom
  behind British lines to the North

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The World Turned Upside Down
Despite his losses in the Carolinas, Cornwallis
still believed that he could score a decisive
victory against the Continental Army. The theater
he chose for that showdown was the Chesapeake
(190).

• Surrender at Yorktown
• Cornwallis waits for British navy, does not
  arrive in time
• British surrounded by American French troops,
  French navy under De Grasse
• Cornwallis surrenders, October 19, 1781

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The World Turned Upside Down Republican
Challenge A new society ?

• The Significance of a Revolution
• American citizen-soldiers fought on their own
  terms
• The Continental Army, whose ranks were the
  poorest Americans, bore the brunt of the
  successful rebellion
• With the end of the war, what awaited the
  revolutionaries as they tried to build a nation?

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Keywords and Terms (6)

• Battle of Bunker Hill
• our lives, our fortunes, our sacred honor.
• Continental Army
• Battle of Princeton
• Valley Forge
• Battle of Saratoga
• loyalists
• Hessians

• Battle of Cowpens
• Battle of Yorktown
• General William Howe
• George Washington
• partisan war
• Charles, Lord Cornwallis
• General Nathaniel Greene
• Comte de Grasse
• Treaty of Paris, 1783

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Reshaping the Republic (7)

• Republican Society Government Peace
• The State Constitutions
• Social and Political Reform
• African Americans in the Republic
• Rethinking gender
• Republican Motherhood
• The West
• Northwest Ordinances
• Indian People
• The Lessons of Republicanism

Abigail Adams
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Learning Outcomes Republic

• Understand the state constitutions as reflection
  of the postwar view of republicanism
• Understand why the Articles of Confederation were
  the only form of government the new states would
  accept
• Account for the diplomatic domestic political
  conflict over western settlement
• Understand which Americans were willing to accept
  the Federal System (Constitution)
• Be able to describe the social changes evident in
  the new Republic

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Crisis Constitution (7)

• Preview For a decade after independence,
  American revolutionaries were less committed to
  creating a single national republic than to
  organizing 13 separate state republics, united
  only loosely under the Articles of Confederation.
  By the mid-1780s, however, the weakness of the
  Confederation seemed evident to many Americans.
  The Constitutional Convention of 1787 produced a
  new frame of government that was truly national
  in scope.
• The Highlights
• Republican Experiments
• The Temptations of Peace
• Republican Society
• From Confederation to Constitutions

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Republican Experiments

• The State Constitutions
• Desire to curb executive power
• Strengthen legislative powers
• Written constitutions legal codes to protect
  people
• From Congress to Confederation
• Articles of Confederation create a weak
  government that consists of a national legislature

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The Temptations of Peace

• The Temptations of the West
• Greatest opportunities exists in the West
  region beset with intense conflict
• Foreign Intrigues
• British continue to harass American interests in
  the Old Northwest
• Spanish designs on the Old Southwest
• Indians play pivotal roles in both regions

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The Temptations of Peace

• States Disputes
• Tensions between landed and landless states
• Dispute resolved - Articles of Confederation
  ratified in 1781
• The More Democratic West
• State legislatures become more democratic as a
  result of population growth in the backcountry

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• The Northwest Territory
• Congress adopts three ordinances in the 1780s to
  deal with issue of westward expansion
• Most important is the Northwest Ordinance of
  1787, which outlaws slavery north of the Ohio
  River
• By limiting the spread of slavery in the
  northern states, Congress deepened the critical
  social and economic differences between North and
  South, evident already in the 1780s(206).

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• Slavery and Sectionalism
• 1775 African Americans are 20 of nations
  population 90 live in the South
• Difficulty of squaring republican ideals with the
  continued presence of slavery
• Most northern states begin to abolish slavery
• Free black population grows in both the North
  South
• Slavery continues to exist in southern states

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• Wartime Economic Disruption
• Postwar consumption produces massive public and
  private debt
• Reckless printing of paper money and shortage of
  goods spark severe inflation
• Serious conflicts over economic policy
• So long as the individual states remained
  sovereign, the Confederation was crippledunable
  to conduct foreign affairs effectively, unable to
  set coherent economic policy, unable to deal with
  discontent in the West.

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Republican Society

• The New Men of the Revolution
• The American Revolution does not re-order
  socio-economics
• Urban artisans and even laborers attempt to carve
  out political and economic space
• The New Women of the Revolution
• Women excluded from politics but are less
  submissive after the Revolution

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• Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication
• Published in 1792, Wollstonecrafts book calls
  for educational reforms and equality laws
• Virulent reaction to the book on both sides of
  the Atlantic
• Republican Motherhood and Education
• 1780-1830 period of better schooling and
  literacy rates
• By 1850, as many women as men are literate
• Women continue to be second-class citizens in the
  legal terms

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Republican ideology viewed property as the key
to independence and power. Lacking property,
women and black Americans were easily consigned
to the custody of husbands and masters. Then,
too, prejudice played its part the perception of
women and blacks as naturally inferior beings.

• The Attack on Aristocracy
• Limited success in achieving equality because of
  republicans obsession with rooting out vestiges
  of the monarchy rather than raising up the
  bottom of society
• Disestablishment of state-supported churches
• Example of Society of Cincinnati, which could no
  longer base membership on heredity

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From Confederation to Constitutions

• The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
• Sectional animosity aggravated by proposed
  treatynever ratifiedbetween the United States
  and Spain over shipping rights on the Mississippi
  River
• Shays Rebellion
• 1786 Daniel Shays leads rebellion of disaffected
  farmers in western Massachusetts

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Reshaping the Republic (7)

• Articles of Confederation Crisis ?
• Inventing a Federal Republic
• Compromise
• A Republic with Slaves
• We the People
• The Struggle for Ratification
• Federalists Antifederalists
• The Bill of Rights

Constitution of the United States 1789 page one
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• Framing a Federal Constitution
• May 1787 delegates meet in Philadelphia for the
  express purpose of revising the Articles of
  Confederation
• James Madison becomes key figure in the proposed
  overhaul of the government
• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
• Madisons Virginia Plan three-branch government
  Congress could veto state legislation
• Patersons New Jersey Plan a weaker central
  government than Madisons plan provided for
• Deadlock between the plans

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• The Deadlock Broken
• Benjamin Franklin brokers a compromise over
  representation
• Creation of the Electoral College
• Separation of powers
• Possibility to amend the Constitution
• Ratification
• Anti-Federalists oppose Constitution because of
  perceived power it gives to aristocrats and the
  central government
• Madison, Hamilton, and Jay write The Federalist
  Papers to counter concerns
• Madison also promises a Bill of Rights

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Within the life span of a single generation,
Americans had declared their independence twice.
In many ways the political freedom claimed from
Britain in 1776 was less remarkable than the
intellectual freedom that Americans achieved by
agreeing to the Constitution.

• Changing Revolutionary Ideals
• Americans reject some republican beliefs by
  agreeing to a sovereign national government and
  an independent executive
• Behavior shaped by interest rather than virtue
• Constitutional debates will evolve into
  subsequent political tensions

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Keywords and Terms (7)

• deference
• Northwest Ordinance
• Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
• The Federalist Papers
• Alexander Hamilton
• Manumission Society, 1785
• disestablishment of religion

• liberty and order
• nationalists
• Shays Rebellion
• James Madison
• interest v. virtue
• Abigail Adams

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Learning Outcomes Republic

• Understand the state constitutions as reflection
  of the postwar view of republicanism
• Understand why the Articles of Confederation were
  the only form of government the new states would
  accept
• Account for the diplomatic domestic political
  conflict over western settlement
• Understand which Americans were willing to accept
  the Federal System (Constitution)
• Be able to describe the social changes evident in
  the new Republic

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The Republic Launched (8)

• Preview In 1789 Americans could be divided into
  those who were rural, largely self-sufficient
  farmers and those tied more closely to the world
  of commerce. Politics in the early republic was
  rooted in this fundamental social division.
• The Highlights
• 1789 A Social Portrait
• The New Government
• Expansion and Turmoil in the West
• The Emergence of Political Parties
• The Presidency of John Adams

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The Republic Launched (8)

• Setting the Agenda
• Establishing Government
• Jefferson Hamilton
• Hamiltons Grand Design
• The Reports
• Foreign Affairs
• The French Revolution
• European War
• U.S. Neutrality
• Jays Treaty

Storming the Bastille Paris, 1789
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The Republic Launched (8)

• The West
• Miami Confederacy
• The Whiskey Rebellion
• Popular Political Culture Political Parties
• Adams Presidency
• Crisis abroad XYZ Affair
• Suppression at home
• Alien and Sedition Acts
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• The Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson
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Learning Outcomes Republic

• Understand the division between the
  semisubsistence economy and the commercial
• Be able to explain the differences between the
  Federalists and the Republicans
• Understand the way the French Revolution shaped
  United States foreign policy
• Be able to describe the impact of the election of
  1800

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The Founding of New England

• 1789 A Social Portrait
• First federal census (1790) about 4 million
  Americans
• Population will double every 22 years, mostly
  from natural increase
• Poor transportation and few newspapers mean that
  the movement of people, goods, and ideas is slow

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• The Semisubsistence Economy of Crèvecoeurs
  America
• In 1783 French writer and traveler to rural
  America, Hector St. John Crèvecoeur, publishes
  his Letters from an American Farmer
• he argues that American societys distinguishing
  characteristic is equality
• Fairly broad distribution of wealth
• Barter economy predominates

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• The Commercial Economy of Franklins America
• East more tied to commerce than the backcountry
• Greater inequality of wealth
• Values of commercial economy and of backcountry
  in conflict
• The Constitution and Commerce
• Urban and rural American differ on the role of
  government in the economy

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The New Government

• Washingtons Character
• Washington is controversial for the pomp he
  brings to the presidency
• A tough historical figure to penetrate because of
  enormous attention by historians
• Organizing the Government
• Washington creates a cabinet of advisors
• Judiciary Act of 1789 defines the judicial system

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• The Bill of Rights
• By 1791, 10 amendments guaranteeing basic
  freedoms were ratified
• Hamiltons Financial Program
• Alexander Hamilton, Washingtons secretary of the
  treasury, promotes ambitious plan for the federal
  governments role in the economy
• Wants to link the interests of the wealthy
  commercial class to the government
• 1791 first Bank of the United States created

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The passage of Hamiltons program caused a
permanent rupture among supporters of the
Constitution.

• Opposition to Hamiltons Program
• Madison and Jefferson become leading opponents to
  Hamilton and the Federalists
• Fear of a financial aristocracy and a system of
  corruption
• The Specter of Aristocracy
• In spite of fears, Hamiltons program is an
  economic successinflation ends, the currency is
  stabilized, and the governments credit restored

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Expansion Turmoil in the West

• The Resistance of the Miami
• Federal government tries to buy Indian titles to
  land in order to promote white settlement in the
  Ohio River Valley
• Treaty of Greenville (1795) Miami Confederacy
  cedes two-thirds of the area between Lake Erie
  and the Ohio River

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• The Whiskey Rebellion
• Westerners irritated over new excise tax (1791)
  on distilled liquors
• Pockets of unrest all over the backcountry
• Resistance collapses with Washingtons deployment
  of the army
• Pinckneys Treaty
• 1796 establishes 31st parallel as the southern
  boundary of the United States
• Gives Americans free navigation of the
  Mississippi River

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The Emergence of Political Parties

• Americans and the French Revolution
• Most Americans welcome news of the revolution in
  France in 1789
• Hamilton and the Federalists, however, see the
  French Revolution as leading to anarchy
• The event becomes a defining issue between the
  Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans

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• Washingtons Neutral Course
• Washington proclaims American neutrality and
  moderates Jeffersons attempts to support France
• Jays Treaty (1795) illustrates Americas
  secondary position to Britain
• The Federalists Republicans Organize
• By the mid-1790s, most politicians have aligned
  themselves with one of the two major parties

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In his Farewell Address, Washington warned
against the dangers of parties and urged a return
to the earlier nonpartisan system. But that
vision had become obsolete parties were an
effective way of expressing the interests of
different social and economic groups within the
nation.

• The 1796 Election
• John Adams defeats Jefferson, who, because of a
  quirk in the Constitution, becomes vice-president
• Federalists political base is the more
  commercial Northeast the Jeffersonian
  Republicans is the West
• Federalist Republican Ideologies
• Federalists believe in a strong central
  government - fear mob rule
• Republicans believe in weaker central government
  - fear corruption by the aristocracy

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The Presidency of John Adams

• The Naval War with France
• French raiding of American shipping becomes a
  major issue for Adams
• 1797 Adams sends diplomats to France to
  negotiate, and the French demand bribes
• This event, known as the XYZ Affair, aggravates
  tensions with France and between the two
  political parties
• Political Violence in the Early Republic
• Political tensions threaten to devolve into armed
  conflict
• Ideology of republicanism makes activists
  vigilant protectors of liberty
• Federalists achievements capped by strengthening
  stability order of nations society foreign
  affairs

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• Suppression at Home
• Federalists try to suppress disloyalty at home
  with the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
• Persecuted Republicans enlarge their
  interpretation of the freedom of the press
• Virginia Kentucky Resolutions demand an end to
  federal governments abuse of authority
• The Election of 1800
• Jefferson and Adams run again Jefferson wins

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The Election of 1800
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Keywords and Terms (8)

• public opinion
• Bank of the United States
• Neutrality Proclamation
• Treaty of Greenville, 1794
• XYZ Affair
• Virginia Kentucky Resolutions
• Aaron Burr
• Election of 1800 -- A Revolution ?

• Judiciary Act of 1789
• French Revolution, 1789
• Thomas Pinckney
• Whiskey Rebellion
• Alien Sedition Acts
• 12th Amendment

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Learning Outcomes Republic

• Understand the division between the
  semisubsistence economy and the commercial
• Be able to explain the differences between the
  Federalists and the Republicans
• Understand the way the French Revolution shaped
  United States foreign policy
• Be able to describe the impact of the election of
  1800

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The Jeffersonian Republic (9)

• Regional Identities
• The West
• White settlement
• Indian People revitalization
• Commercial Capitalism
• Jeffersonian Ascendancy
• Republican principles
• Louisiana Purchase, 1803
• Lewis and Clark Expedition
• The Barbary War

Tenskwatawa the Prophet
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Learning Outcomes Jeffersonian Republic

• Understand to what degree the election of 1800
  reversed the Federalist course
• Understand the growth of nationalism
• Comprehend the struggles of Native peoples to
  preserve traditional cultures
• Account for the issues of the War of 1812 and the
  peace following
• Think of the various ways Republican express
  their nationalism
• Be able to describe the passing of the
  revolutionary generation and newly emerging
  cultural and political patterns by the 1820s

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The Jeffersonian Republic (9)

• John Marshall and Judicial review
• Second term crisis
• Burr Conspiracy
• Slave Trade
• Foreign Affairs
• Neutral rights again
• The Embargo
• Madison
• the Young Republicans
• The Strange War of 1812

Battle of New Orleans Eugene Louis Lami, 1839
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The Jeffersonian Republic

• Preview Jefferson supported his agrarian
  principles by acquiring the Louisiana territory.
  But increasingly he abandoned his earlier ideals
  of limited government in favor of more active
  nationalism.The growth in national power and
  pride was not halted, either by Pan-Indian
  alliance under Tecumseh or by Great Britain in
  the War of 1812.
• The Highlights
• Jefferson in Power
• Jefferson and Westward Expansion
• Whites and Indians on the Frontier
• The Second War for American Independence
• America Turns Inward

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Jefferson in Power

• The New Capital City
• Washington, D.C. replaced Philadelphia as the
  nations capital in 1800
• Isolation of swampy city reflected Jeffersons
  preference for decentralized government
• Jeffersons Character and Philosophy
• Jefferson maintained a fervent belief in human
  reason
• Jeffersons radicalism has been exaggerated
• Republican Principles
• Belief in limited government
• 1800 election established tradition of having an
  opposition party
• Jeffersons Economic Policies
• President made series of spending cuts
• National debt reduced from 83 million to 57
  million
• Failed to abolish Hamiltons program

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During his tenure on the bench, Marshall
extended judicial review to all acts of
government. It took time for the doctrine to be
accepted, but since Marshalls time the Supreme
Court has successfully defended its position as
the final judge of the meaning of the
Constitution.

• John Marshall and Judicial Review
• Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed by Congress in
  1802 by strict party vote
• Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Marshall,
  established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison
  (1803)
• The Jeffersonian Attack on the Judiciary
• Republicans tried to scale back Adamss judicial
  appointments

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Jefferson and Western Expansion

• The Louisiana Purchase
• Surprise Spanish cession of Louisiana to France
  arrested American designs to acquire the
  territory
• Jefferson deployed Madison and Livingston to deal
  with the French for New Orleans
• Napoleon needed money, and offered the entire
  territory for 15 million
• Treaty ratified, 24 to 7

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9-7
The expedition fired the imagination of
Americans about the exotic lands of the newly
acquired Louisiana Purchase as well as the
Pacific Northwest.

• Lewis and Clark
• Spring 1804 expedition left St. Louis to explore
  the Louisiana Territory
• Returned in 1806 with valuable information about
  the West

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Settlers Indians on the Frontier

• The Course of White Settlement
• Treaty of Greenville had opened floodgates of
  settlers into the Ohio Territory
• Backcountry society began to mature
• A Changing Environment
• Massive deforestation altered plant and animal
  life
• Wests increasing population led to more disease

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• The Second Great Awakening
• Beginning in the late 1790s, the new religious
  revival swept the backcountry
• Revival reached its climax with camp meetings at
  Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1801
• African Americans attended revivals, spurring
  fear by slaveowners of growing egalitarianism
• Revivals were attractive to all groups because of
  the emotional escape they provided

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• Pressure on Indian Lands and Culture
• The Prophet, Tecumseh, and the Pan-Indian
  Movement
• Increased white settlement caused the destruction
  of many Indian cultures Some Shawnees, under
  assault from white settlements, turned to
  religious movement in the late 1790s
• The Prophet, or Tenskwatawa, promoted isolation
  from whites
• Prophets older brother Tecumseh promoted
  political message of unity

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The Second War for American Independence
As Tecumseh worked to overcome obstacles to a
Pan-Indian alliance, Jefferson encountered his
own difficulties in trying to achieve American
political unity.

• The Barbary Pirates and Cultural Identities
• American perceptions of Islamic culture forged by
  dispute with Barbary states
• USS Philadelphia captured 1803
• Lt. Stephen Decatur blockade

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• The Second War for American Independence
• Neutral Rights
• American shipping caught between the warring
  nations of France and Britain
• British navys policy of impressment caused a
  deterioration of relations
• Both Britain and France raided hundreds of
  American ships, 1803-1807
• The Embargo
• Embargo Act of 1807 prohibited American vessels
  in foreign ports and stopped exports
• Embargo was a huge economic disaster

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• Madison the Young Republicans
• The Madison Years
• Madison won the presidency in 1808, bringing
  tremendous experience to the position
• Madison too often deferred to others, which led
  to the War Hawks in Congress taking the lead in
  the party
• The Decision for War
• American anger focused on the British
• In June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain

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• The War of 1812
• National Unpreparedness
• Army navy of the United States too small
  under-funded to wage war
• After dismal invasion of Canada in 1812, American
  efforts improve with Commander Perrys victory at
  Lake Erie
• A Chance Such as Will Never Occur Again
• Tecumseh tries to exploit the situation, but his
  Creek allies were defeated in 1814
• Pan-Indian movement dies with Tecumsehs death
• The British Invasion
• British captures Washington in 1814
• Andrew Jacksons victory at New Orleans in 1815
  ends the fighting
• The Hartford Convention
• New Englanders meet, but victory at New Orleans
  steels the spotlight
• Treaty of Ghent ends the war

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American Turns Inward

• The Missouri Crisis
• Missouri Territorys possible admission into the
  Union in 1819 provoked national debate over
  slavery
• Missouri Compromise settled dispute, and
  established the 3630 line, north of which
  slavery could not exist

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• Monroes Presidency
• The Monroe Doctrine
• James Monroe won the election of 1816
• Transcontinental Treaty (1819) with Spain gave
  Florida to the United States
• Improved relations with Britain, 1810s
• Monroe affirmed Americas opposition to future
  European colonies in the Western Hemisphere
• The End of an Era
• End of foreign threat and beginning of American
  nationalism

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America Turns Inward

• The End of an Era
• Monroes Presidency
• Statecraft and John Quincy Adams
• Florida
• Transcontinental Treaty 1819
• The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Ill feelings in
• The Era of good Feeling

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Keywords and Terms (9)

• Tecumseh
• The Prophet
• Albert Gallatin
• Barbary States
• Chesapeake/Leopard, 1807
• Marbury v. Madison
• John Marshalls Judicial Nationalism
• Non-Intercourse Act
• War Hawks
• Embargo Act
• Aaron Burr

• William Henry Harrison
• Oliver H. Perry at Lake Erie
• Andrew Jackson
• Battle of New Orleans
• Daniel Webster
• Hartford Convention
• Treaty of Ghent
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• John Quincy Adams
• 1819 - Critical year

89
Learning Outcomes Review Jeffersonian Republic

• Understand to what degree the election of 1800
  reversed the Federalist course
• Understand the growth of nationalism
• Comprehend the struggles of Native peoples to
  preserve traditional cultures
• Account for the issues of the War of 1812 and the
  peace following
• Think of the various ways Republican express
  their nationalism
• Be able to describe the passing of the
  revolutionary generation and newly emerging
  cultural and political patterns by the 1820s

90
The Forces of Nationalism (10)

• Nation-Building The New Nationalism Expansion
• Peace New Expectations
• Boundaries
• A People in motion
• Culture of the Frontier

Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri and
Pawnees Charles B. King, 1821
91
Learning Outcomes Nationalism

• Understand how a market revolution transformed
  the United States after 1815
• Consider how historians account for the impact of
  a boom-and-bust economic life on American society
• Explain the differences factory life made on
  American social structures
• Be able to describe the long term consequences of
  the market revolution

92
The Forces of Nationalism (10)

• The Market Economy
• Transportation Revolution
• The Canal Age
• Steamboats
• Commerce Banking

The Erie Canal
The Arabia Steamboat
93
The Forces of Nationalism (10)

• The Market Economy
• Railroads
• Commerce Banking
• Immigration Population
• The new working class
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Technological
• Advances

Railroad Revolution The Changing Landscape
The Crystal Palace, London 1851
94
The Forces of Nationalism (10)

• Early Industrialism Labor
• Textile Manufacture
• Francis Cabot Lowell
• Lowell (Waltham), MA.
• The Mill Girls
• New Workplaces
• New workers
• The labor movement
• Southern Economy

Merrimack Valley Mills

95
The Forces of Nationalism

• Social Structures of the Market Society
• Prosperity and Anxiety
• The Politics of Nation-Building
• Political restructuring
• James Monroe
• Disinterested Statesman
• The Missouri Compromise
• Judicial Nationalism again

John Marshall 1755 - 1835
96
The Opening of America

• Preview In the quarter century after 1815 a
  market revolution transformed the United States
  into a boom-and-bust, geographically mobile
  society defined above all by materialism and
  wealth.
• The Highlights
• The Market Revolution
• A Restless Temper
• The Rise of Factories
• Social Structures of the Market Society
• Prosperity and Anxiety

97
The Market Revolution

• The New Nationalism
• New generation of political leaders
• 1816 Congress charters Second Bank of the United
  States and passes a mildly protective tariff
• Support for national internal improvements
• The Cotton Trade
• Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney
  dramatically alters southern agriculture

98

• The Transportation Revolution
• Between 1825 and 1855, cost of transportation
  falls 95, bringing new regions into the market
• The Canal Age
• Erie Canal completed in 1825
• Canal era dramatically lowers costs of
  transportation
• By 1850, economic depression ends the canal era
  in spite of its many achievements

99

• Steamboats and Railroads
• Because of its size, United States very dependent
  on river transportation
• Steamboats revolutionize transportation in the
  West, 1820-60
• By the 1850s, railroads come to dominate the
  transportation system
• Agriculture in the Market Economy
• Shift toward commercial agriculture from small
  farms
• Regional specialization in crops emerges

100
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101

• John Marshall and the Promotion of Enterprise
• Constitutionality of the national bank
• Interstate commerce encouraged by Gibbons v Ogden
• Protection of contracts between individuals or
  companies
• General Incorporation Laws
• Importance of corporations raising capital,
  limited liability, incorporation of partnerships
  and ventures
• General incorporation laws pass

102
A Restless Temper

• A People in Motion
• A high-speed society
• The whole continent presents a scene of
  scrambling and roars with greedy hurry.
• Population Growth
• Immigration rises after 1830
• In 1830s some 600,000 immigrants arrive

103

• The Federal Land Rush
• By 1850 almost half of all Americans live outside
  the original 13 states
• Speculators help settle western lands
• Geographic Mobility
• On the road again-by 1850 nearly half of all
  native-born free Americans live outside the state
  where they had been born
• The search for opportunity influences Americans
  desires to move

104

• Urbanization
• Urban centers, old and new important urban
  centers in St. Louis and Cincinnati arose
• The South, with only 10 percent of its people
  living in cities, is least urbanized region

All these changesthe amazing growth of the
population, the quickening movement westward, and
the rising migration to the citiespointed to a
fundamental reorientation of American
development. Expansion both excited and
unsettled Americans.
105
The Rise of Factories

• Technological Advances
• Small-scale manufacturing through factories and
  cheap transportation
• Acceptance of technology-from 1790-1860 the US
  Patent Office grants more patents than England
  and France combined
• Interchangeable parts
• Communication-Morse invent the telegraph

106

• The Postal System
• Remote areas connected to the rest of the country
  through the postal system
• US had an extensive postal system
• Textile Factories
• Lowell the first fully integrated textile
  factory
• Hard work in the mills 6 days a week with 30
  minutes for noon meal
• Transformation of Lowell from native-born workers
  to Irish immigrants causing declining wages

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110

• Lowell and the Environment
• Reshaping the areas waterscape to harness water
  for energy
• Damaging effects flood farm lands, devastates
  fish population, contaminates water supply
• Industrial Work
• Artisan system adaptation to the disciplined
  factory work routine proved difficult
• Transformation of work from pride to productivity

111

• The Shoe Industry
• Lynn as the center of shoemaking Massachusetts
  towns population doubled every 20 years
• Wages reduced because of number of employees
  needed
• In a little more than a generation shoemaking
  ceased to be a craft
• The Labor Movement
• 1834 National Trades Union formed
• Strength of labor unions collapsed with the
  depression following the Panic of 1837

112
Social Structures of the Market Society

• Economic Specialization
• Decline of womens traditional work
• New ready-made mens clothing reduces amount of
  sewing women do
• Materialism
• Wealth and status Wealth is something
  substantial. Everybody knows that and feels it.

113

• The Emerging Middle Class
• Separation of middle class from manual laborers
• Material goods as emblems of success
• The Distribution of Wealth
• As American society became more specialized and
  differentiated, greater extremes of wealth
  appeared
• Market society allowed the rich to build up their
  assets through new investment opportunities

114

• Social Mobility
• Limits of social mobility
• Improved status came through savings and home
  ownership
• A New Sensitivity to Time
• Due to mass production of clocks ordinary
  families can now afford them
• Clocks begin to invade private as well as public
  space.

115

• The Market at Work Three Examples
• The market transforms Kingston, New York
• Sugar Creek, Illinois
• Mountain men and the fur trade

The mountain men, the farmers of Sugar Creek,
and the workers of Kingston were all alert to the
possibilities of the market.The path of
commerce, however, was not steadily upward.
116
Prosperity and Anxiety

• The Panic of 1819
• National depression
• Debts become hard to pay for both city dwellers
  and rural Americans
• The Missouri Crisis
• Missouri Compromise
• Americans look to take more direct control of the
  government

117
Keywords and Terms

• Chauncey Jerome
• The Market Revolution
• steam power
• Eli Whitney
• John Quincy Adams
• 1819 - Critical year
• Erie Canal, 1825
• Incorporation Laws
• Federal Land rush
• Lowell Offering
• Dartmouth College Case

• implied powers
• The Marshall Court
• American System
• John C. Calhoun
• the common man
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• Frontier Thesis
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Tallmadge Amendment
• democracy

118
SummaryLearning Outcomes Nationalism

• Understand how a market revolution transformed
  the United States after 1815
• Consider how historians account for the impact of
  a boom-and-bust economic life on American society
• Explain the differences factory life made on
  American social structures
• Be able to describe the long term consequences of
  the market revolution

119
Andrew Jackson the Nation (11)

• Triumph of White Mens
• Democracy
• Democratic Ferment
• Democratic culture
• Jacksonian Politics
• Elections of 1824 1828
• Democracy and Race
• Jackson and the West

Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837
120
Jacksonian Impulse (11)

• Indian Removal Trail of Tears
• The Second American
• Party System
• Nullification
• The Bank War
• How democratic was
• Jacksonian democracy?

The Cherokee Trail of Tears Robert Lindneux
121
Learning Outcomes Democracy

• Understand how a new political culture emerged in
  the 1820s and 30s
• Be able to account for the difference between the
  views of Calhoun and Jackson
• Explain in what ways democratic policies are
  thought to have intensified racism
• Be able to describe the Triumph of the Market
  Economy

122
The Rise of Democracy

• Preview In the 1820s and 1830s a new democratic
  political culture championed the wisdom of the
  people and the need for political parties.
• The Highlights
• Equality and Opportunity
• The New Political Culture of Democracy
• Jacksons Rise to Power
• Democracy and Race
• The Nullification Crisis
• The Bank War
• Van Buren and Depression
• The Jacksonian Party System

123
Equality and Opportunity

• The Tension between Equality and Opportunity
• Widespread opportunity will inevitably produce
  inequality of wealth
• Americans promot equality of opportunity, not
  equality of condition

124
The New Political Culture of Democracy

• The Election of 1824
• No candidate has a majority of the popular or
  electoral votes
• House decides the race between Andrew Jackson
  John Quincy Adams
• Adams wins, prompting calls of a corrupt
  bargain with Henry Clay
• Anti-Masonry and the Defense of Equality
• Freemasons reach 150,000 members in 1826
• Anti-Masonic movement emerges as an
  anti-aristocracy phenomenon
• 1830s emergence of the Whig party
• Social Sources of the New Politics
• New attitudes toward government prompt democratic
  reforms
• Male suffrage expands in Europe and Latin
  America, too

125
Popular political parties provided an essential
mechanism for peacefully resolving the
differences among competing interest groups,
regions, and social classes.

• The Acceptance of Parties
• Rise of the professional politician
• Acceptance of parties as sources of checking
  abuse
• The Politics of the Common Man
• New style of politics
• Limitations of the democratic political system

126
Jacksons Rise to Power

• John Quincy Adamss Presidency
• Adams not a politically savvy president
• Jackson, leading the Democrats, beats Adams in
  1828
• President of the People
• Jackson reflects the common persons attitudes
  values ?
• Jackson defends the emerging spoils system

127
Jacksons Rise to Power
128
Democracy and Race

• Accommodate or Resist?
• New, aggressive attitudes of white Americans
  placed Indians in the Old Southwest in a
  precarious position
• Changing nature of Cherokee society

Ironically, at the same time that white racial
attitudes toward Indians were deteriorating, the
Cherokees racial attitudes toward blacks were
also hardening, paralleling the increased racism
among white Americans.
129
Democracy and Race

• Trail of Tears
• Jackson pressures Congress for Indian removal
• Jackson ignores Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws
  removed from the Southeast
• Removal sparks military resistance by Indian
  groups in other regions

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131
Democracy and Race

• Free Blacks in the North
• 171,000 free blacks in the North in 1840
• Discrimination on the rise
• Black poverty high
• The African American Community
• Black community was not as diversified as white
  society because of limited economic opportunity
• The Minstrel Show
• Appeal of minstrelsy rested on prevalent racial
  stereotypes
• Deepening racism during the Jacksonian era

132
The Nullification Crisis

• The Growing Crisis in South Carolina
• State hit hard by the depression of 1819
• Tariff is the central issue
• Denmark Veseys conspiracy (1822) adds to
  insecurity
• Tariff of Abominations, passes by Congress in
  1828, provokes a severe response

133

• Calhouns Theory of Nullification
• Calhoun argues that states could nullify federal
  laws
• Minority rights versus majority rule
• Nationalists theory of the Union
• The Nullifiers Nullified
• Jackson threatens military action against South
  Carolina for legislatures tariff nullification
• Compromise of 1833 ends the crisis by lowering
  the tariff

134
The Bank War

• The National Bank and the Panic of 1819
• Second national bank exacerbates economic
  problems in 1819
• Banks become a source of considerable political
  angst
• Biddles Bank
• Bank president expands the banks influence
• Promots unpopular paper money

135
Jacksons own experiences left him with a deep
distrust of banks and paper money.

• The Clash between Jackson and Biddle
• 1832 Biddle pushes for the early renewal of
  banks charter
• Congress passes the recharter bill Jackson
  vetoes it
• Jacksons veto message secures his position as
  champion of the people

136

• The Bank Destroyed
• Jackson tries to cripple the bank after he wins
  re-election in 1832
• Jackson orders secretary of treasury to remove
  banks deposits
• Jacksons Impact on the Presidency
• Jackson strengthens the authority of the
  executive branch
• The modern presidency begins with Jackson

137
Van Buren and Depression

• Van Ruins Depression
• Martin Van Buren, Jacksons Democratic successor,
  associated with the Panic of 1837
• 1840 Congress creates the Independent Treasury
  to keep the governments funds

138
By 1840 the Whigs had done much to perfect their
partys national organization, and with the
nation stuck in the worst depression of the
century, they approached the election of 1840 in
high spirits.

• The Whigs Triumph
• Election of 1840 is the first modern presidential
  campaignimportant use of imagery
• Women take a new, more public political role
• Record voter turnout (nearly 80)
• Harrison defeats Van Buren

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The Jacksonian Party System

• Democrats, Whigs, and the Market
• Democratic ideology rests on perceived conflict
  between the people greedy aristocrats
• Whig ideology rests on belief in continued
  commercial development
• Democrats belief in limited government and
  opposition to monopolies is key
• Whigs desire an active government
• The Social Bases of the Two Parties
• Whigs promote the market economy, while Democrats
  fear it
• Whigs attract high-status native-born religious
  groups, while Democrats attract more Germans and
  Irish religious groups, particularly Catholics
• The Triumph of the Market
• Market continues to expand in spite of Jacksonian
  efforts against it

141
Keywords and Terms

• Equality and Opportunity
• Workingmens Party
• Nicolas Biddle
• 2nd Bank of United States
• equality of opportunity
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
• Theory of Nullification
• enlightened elite
• laissez-faire

• Worster v. Georgia
• Peggy Eaton
• hard money
• Alexis de Tocqueville
• Democracy in America
• Van Buren the Whigs
• Panic of 1837

142
SummaryLearning Outcomes Democracy

• Understand how a new political culture emerged in
  the 1820s and 30s
• Be able to account for the difference between the
  views of Calhoun and Jackson
• Explain in what ways democratic policies are
  thought to have intensified racism
• Be able to describe the Triumph of the Market
  Economy