Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

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Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• Chapter 11 Section 3

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Muslim lands 1800

• Muslims controlled N. Africa, S.W. Asia and land
  surrounding the Middle East.
• The Ottoman Empire had stretched from Hungary
  through Greece around the Black Sea through Syria
  and Egypt
• By the 1800s the Ottoman empire was in a period
  of decline due to weak rulers as well as the rise
  of European strength.

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Ottoman Empire 1580
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Reasons for the decline of the Ottomans

• Suleyman I- great reform minded ruler of the
  Ottomans died in 1566.
• Leaders following him were corrupt amd weak
  minded.
• Inflation raged in the 1700s and the empire
  failed to modernize keeping up with the Europeans.

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Geopolitics

• An interest in taking land for strategic purposes
  or products contained inside of the land.
• Russia demonstrated this when they went to war
  with the Ottomans in order to take a warm water
  port along the Black Sea.

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Strategic Possessions
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Crimean War

• 1853 between Russia and Ottomans
• Britain and France aided the Ottomans
• The combined forces won the war but it revealed
  the weakness of the Ottomans and opened it up to
  further invasions.
• Romania, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Cyprus and
  Bosnia-Herzegovinia eventually spilt away from
  the empire.

8
The Great Game

• A geopolitical struggle in Central Asia engaged
  between Russia and Great Britain.
• Russia and Britain battled over Afghanistan and
  India.
• India was a British colony but Russia wanted
  access to its rich resources.
• Great Britain withdrew from Afghanistan in 1881
  making it an independent country.

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Egyptian Reforms

• After Napoleon was defeated in Egypt, a new
  Egyptian leader emerged, Muhammad Ali he was
  considered a reformer.
• In 1831, he waged war with the Ottomans and broke
  away after winning battled in Syria and Arabia.
• As a reformer, he turned to cash cropping
  (cotton), reformed the military and strengthened
  the legal system.

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The Suez Canal

• After Muhammad Ali died, his grandson Ismail
  took power and continued reform efforts.
• The Suez Canal- a human made water way
  connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.
• It was built largely by French money but Egypt
  could not repay its debts so Great Britain took
  over the project, thus giving Britain control of
  the region.

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Persia pressured to change

• G. Britain wanted access to Persia because it was
  a buffer between Russia and India.
• G. Britain became focused on Persia because of
  the presence of oil (1908)
• Russia wanted access to the Persian Gulf as well
  as the Indian ocean (warm water ports)

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Oil

• Persia wanted to gain economic prestige but it
  lacked capital.
• It raised money by granting concession to western
  businesses including oil companies.
• The Anglo Persian Oil Company- first began to
  develop the oil fields of Persia
• European and American oil companies began to take
  control of the region.