Chapter 9 DNA: The Genetic Material Read 192-198 Demo model (student race) Lab Activity from Binder DNA and RNA Crossword puzzle

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Chapter 9DNA The Genetic MaterialRead
192-198Demo model (student race) Lab Activity
from Binder DNA and RNA Crossword puzzle
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DNA/RNA Vocabulary (53-62)

• 53. anticodon
• 54. codon
• 55. base sequence
• 56. genetic code
• 57. RNA polymerase
• 58. transcription

• 59. translation
• 60. restriction enzyme
• 61. DNA replication
• 62. ribosomal RNA

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I. Introduction

• Heredity- The transmission of traits from one
  generation to the next
• Genetics- The study of heredity, usually at the
  molecular level.
• Heredity occurs in the form of DNA which is
  coiled into chromosomes.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each
  cell. These chromosomes are located in the
  nucleus of each cell.

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DNA coiled into a chromosome
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II. HISTORY

• Chromosomes have been observed microscopically
  since 1850.
• Chromosomes are composed of protein and nucleic
  acid.
• The structure of DNA was discovered by James
  Watson (American) and Francis Crick (British)
• Proposed in 1953 the model of DNA as aDOUBLE
  HELIX
• Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1962 for
  their discoveries

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III. DNA

• A. DNA Structure
• Nucleotide-
• Repeating unit
• of DNA
• Has 3 parts
• Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and base

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Draw and label the structure of DNA

• What holds the 2 halves of the ladder together?

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A. Processes Involving DNA

• Replication- See handout in binder
• DNA ? DNA
• Each new DNA produced has ½ from the original
  strand and ½ that is newly built
  (semi-conservative).
• DNA always stays in the nucleus.
• DNA helicase unzips the original DNA during
  replication (breaks hydrogen bonds).
• DNA polymerase forms the new halves of DNA and
  proofread them for errors.
• This process occurs once in a cells lifetime.

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• Transcription- See handout in binder
• DNA code is used as a template to produce RNA
• DNA ? RNA (single strand)
• Only ½ of the DNA is used as a template. This is
  called the sense strand. The other is the
  non-sense strand.
• RNA polymerase builds the strand of RNA.
• RNA produced leaves the nucleus to enter the
  cytoplasm.
• 3 types of RNA are produced messenger RNA
  (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA
  (tRNA)

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IV. Contrasting DNA and RNA

• RNA
• 1 strand
• Ribose sugar
• Exits nucleus
• Bases
• AUGC
• A-U
• G-C

• DNA
• 2 strands
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Remains in Nucleus
• Bases
• ATCG
• A-T
• G-C

Chargraffs Ratio C G A T
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3 Types of RNA

• mRNA (messenger)- carries the DNAs instructions
  for making proteins out of the nucleus to the
  site of translation (cytoplasm)
• Every 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon.
  Each codon codes for an amino acid.
• See codon table

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• tRNA (transfer)- carries a specific amino acid
  on one end and an anticodon on the other end.
  The anticodon complements the codon on mRNA.
• Draw the tRNA structure
• 3. rRNA (ribosomal)- Along with protein, this
  makes up the structure of a ribosome.

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How Proteins are made (read 205-212)

• Translation (protein synthesis)
• 1. Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus and
  enters the cytoplasm.
• 2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
• 3. At the start codon (AUG), a
• tRNA brings the amino
• acid into position.
• When tRNA brings each
• new AA, it bonds with the
• adjacent AA by a peptide bond.

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• 4. After amino acids have bonded, the tRNA
  leaves.
• 5. This process continues until the STOP codon
  is reached.
• 6. The new protein is released.

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Draw the translation process
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PROTEINS HAVE DEFINITE SHAPES. IF THE SHAPES
CHANGE, THEY WONT FUNCTION PROPERLY
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• DNA code TGA ______________
  _______________
• mRNA codon _____________ UCU ______________
  _
• tRNA anticodon _____________
  ________________ _______________
• Amino acid ____________
  ______________ tryptophan

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• DNA code CAT ______________
  _______________
• mRNA codon _____________ GUU ______________
  _
• tRNA anticodon _____________
  ________________ _______________
• Amino acid ____________
  ______________ methionine

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• After 4 replications of a DNA molecule, what
  percentage of the resulting DNA molecules contain
  at least 1 strand of the original DNA?

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CP Biology Article Presentation

• 4-5 minute summary of article summary
• DO NOT READ FROM THE SUMMARY you can use note
  cards if you want
• You need at least one visual that will help
  illustrate points that you are making in your
  presentation posters, powerpoints (4-6
  slides.Be creative!)
• If you do not do this correctly, you will have to
  redo this in front of the classdo it right the
  first time!
• Do the week of January 23rd- volunteers first
• Dress appropriately for giving a presentation

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TEST FRIDAY Test Topics

• Notes on DNA/RNA
• Vocab 62-71
• Reading 192-198, 205-212
• Semi Conservative Replication, Transcription and
  Translation Handouts in Binder that we colored
• DNA/RNA Lab
• Crossword, Text Questions 200,220

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NOTEBOOK CONTENTS2nd Quarter Notebook Check

• Daily Work
• Too hot Not to Handle
• Ecosystems WS
• CH 18 WS pg 57
• CH 19 WS Human Impact
• Ch 2 Chem of Life
• Biochem Crossword
• Enzyme WS
• Labs
• Pred/Prey Lab
• -Beano Lab
• Enzyme Computer Lab
• Bat Graph

• Cover Sheet
• Assignment Sheet
• Grade Sheet w/
• Vocabulary 22 (primary prod.) - 69 (microvilli)
• Notes
• Systems
• Life Processes (Digestive System pg 83-85)

THIS IS 10 OF YOUR QUARTER GRADE!!!