Section 1: The Plant Kingdom

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Section 1 The Plant Kingdom

• What characteristics do all plants share?
• What do plants need to live successfully on land?
• How do nonvascular plants and vascular plants
  differ?
• What are the different stages of a plants life
  cycle?

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What Is a Plant?

• Nearly all plants are autotrophs, organisms that
  produce their own food. All plants are eukaryotes
  that contain many cells. In addition, all plant
  cells are surrounded by cell walls.

3
Plant Body Structure

• The body of a plant is organized into organ
  systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

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Plant Body Structure

• The body of a plant is organized into organ
  systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

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Plant Body Structure

• The body of a plant is organized into organ
  systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

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Plant Body Structure

• The body of a plant is organized into organ
  systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

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Plant Body Structure

• The body of a plant is organized into organ
  systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

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Adaptations for Living on Land

• Plants lived in the oceans for millions of years
  before they slowly adapted to live on land.
• In order to successfully live on land, plants
  evolved these 5 adaptations

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Adaptations for Living on Land

• 1 Obtaining Water and Nutrients
• Land plants evolved roots to obtain water and
  nutrients from the soil.

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Adaptations for Living on Land

• 2 Retain Water
• Cuticle (waxy, waterproof layer that covers most
  leaves) helps prevent water loss due to
  evaporation.

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Adaptations for Living on Land

• 3 Transport Materials
• Vascular tissue consists of tube-like structures
  that allow food, minerals, and water to move
  throughout the plant.

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Adaptations for Living on Land

• 4 Support
• Cell walls supply adequate support and strength
  against gravity (and other things).

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Adaptations for Living on Land

• 5 Reproduction
• Plants that lived on land needed a way to spread
  their sex cells without the help of water.

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Classification of Plants

• Plants are categorized into 2 major groups
• Vascular plants
• Non-vascular plants

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Classification of Plants

• Vascular Plants
• Contain vascular tissue.
• Are better suited to live on land.
• Can grow very tall.
• Can live in any non-arctic environment, even the
  desert.

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Classification of Plants

• Non-vascular Plants
• Lacks vascular tissue.
• Found in extremely wet environments.
• Are only a few centimeters tall.
• Usually found growing low to the ground and in
  damp, shady places.

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Complex Life Cycles

• Plants have complex life cycles that include two
  different stages the sporophyte stage and the
  gametophyte stage.

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End of Section The Plant Kingdom
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Section 2 Plants Without Seeds

• What characteristics do the three groups of
  nonvascular plants share?
• What characteristics do the three groups of
  seedless vascular plants share?

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Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants

• Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails share two
  characteristics. They have true vascular tissue
  and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds,
  these plants reproduce by releasing spores.

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Mosses

• A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has
  structures that look like roots, stems, and
  leaves. The stalklike sporophyte generation
  remains attached to the gametophyte.

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Ferns

• Most ferns have underground stems in addition to
  roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

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End of Section Plants Without Seeds
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Section 3 The Characteristics of Seed Plants

• What characteristics do seed plants share?
• How do seeds become new plants?

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What Is a Seed Plant?

• The stems of vascular plants contain bundles of
  phloem and xylem. In addition, thick cell walls
  and vascular tissue help support the plant.

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How Seeds Become New Plants

• A seed has three main partsan embryo, stored
  food, and a seed coat. If a seed lands in an area
  where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts
  out of the seed and begins to grow.

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End of Section The Characteristics of Seed
Plants
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Section 4 Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• What are the main function of roots, stems, and
  leaves?

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Root Structure

• A roots structure is adapted for absorbing water
  and minerals from the soil.

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Stems

• The stem produces branches, leaves, and flowers.
  It carries substances between the plants roots
  and leaves, and provides support for the plant.

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Stems

• Trees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is
  made up of many layers. The layers of xylem form
  annual rings that can reveal the age of the tree
  and the growing conditions it has experienced.

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Leaves

• Leaves capture and use the suns energy to make
  food. The structure of a leaf is well-adapted for
  photosynthesis.

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End of Section Roots, Stems, and Leaves
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Section 5 Reproduction in Seed Plants

• What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and
  how do they reproduce?
• What are the characteristics of angiosperms?
• How do angiosperms reproduce?
• What are the two types of angiosperms?

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Reproduction in Gymnosperms

• First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a
  female cone. In time, a sperm cell and an egg
  cell join together in an ovule on the female
  cone. After fertilization occurs, the seed
  develops on the scale of the female cone.

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The Structure of Flowers

• Flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and
  colors. But, despite their differences, all
  flowers have the same functionreproduction.

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Reproduction in Angiosperms

• First, pollen falls on a flowers stigma. In
  time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together
  in the flowers ovule. The zygote develops into
  the embryo part of the seed.

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Types of Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are divided into two major groups
  monocots and dicots.

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End of Section Reproduction in Seed Plants