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Chapter 21 What is a Plant

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Green algae were ancestors of first plants ... Leaflike. structure. Section 22-2. The Structure of a Moss. Go to Section: Haploid (N) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 21 What is a Plant


1
Chapter 21 What is a Plant
  • Adapting to life on land

2
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3
Plants are.
  • multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic
  • have thick cell walls composed of cellulose
  • Have a waxy waterproof covering called a cuticle
  • Green algae were ancestors of first plants
  • First fossils appeared 500 mya (simple, no
    leaves) psilophytes (see page 576)

4
From aquatic to terrestrial.
  • Need water conserving methods since no longer in
    body of water
  • Need roots to absorb minerals
  • Need layer to prevent water loss (cuticle)
  • Need way to reproduce that does not rely on water
  • Grow upward against wind, rain, and gravity, so
    need support

5
Adaptations in plants
  • Water conservation and preventing water loss
    cuticle
  • Leaves (instead of whole plant) carry out
    photosynthesis -- specialization
  • Development of tissues roots, stems, leaves
  • Roots acquire water and nutrients through here,
    anchor plant in soil
  • Transport stem and vascular tissues (xylem and
    phloem)
  • Seeds for reproduction
  • Stems/trunks for support of leaves

6
Plant Diversity
  • What are the categories of Plants that exist?

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Kingdom Plantae
Non-vascular Plants (Bryophytes) (no transport
tissues present)
Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes) (have vascular
tissue)
Seedless Plants
Seed Plants
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Dicots
Monocots
9
Figure 22-7 The Diversity of Plants
Section 22-1
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Floweringplants235,000 species
Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species
Bryophytes
Go to Section
10
Kingdom Plantae
  • Bryophytes
  • Phylum Hepatophyta liverworts
  • Phylum Antherocerophyta hornworts
  • Phylum Bryophyta mosses
  • Tracheophytes
  • Seedless
  • Phylum Lycophyta club mosses
  • Phylum Psilophyta whisk ferns
  • Phylum Sphenophyta horsetails
  • Phylum Pterophyta ferns
  • Seed Gymnosperms
  • Phylum Ginkophyta ginkgo
  • Phylum Cycadophyta cycads
  • Phylum Gnetophyta Gnetum, Welwitschia,
    Ephedra
  • Phylum Coniferophyta conifers (evergreens)
  • Seed Angiosperms

11
Nonvascular Plants -- Bryophytes
  • Simplest of plants
  • Have no vascular (transport) tissues no true
    stems, leaves, or roots
  • Stay small and close to ground need to be near
    water to survive (absorption and reproduction)
  • Have alternation of generation present for
    reproduction sporophytes (produce spores) and
    gametophytes (produce gametes)
  • Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

12
The Structure of a Moss
Section 22-2
Rhizoid
Go to Section
13
The Life Cycle of a Moss
Section 22-2
Haploid (N) Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Go to Section
14
Figure 29.15 Bryophytes
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Figure 29.15x1 Hornwort
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Vascular Plants -- Tracheophytes
  • Most commom and widespread of land plants
  • Have true vascular tissues -- xylem and phloem
    -- that allow true organs to develop roots,
    stems, leaves
  • Xylem carries water and minerals in a plant
  • Phloem carries nutrients in a plant
  • Two categories seedless and seed plants

17
Seedless plants
  • Ex. Ferns
  • Since dont have seeds, need LOTS of water for
    fertilization USE SPORES TO REPRODUCE FOR
    MAJORITY OF LIFE gametes are used only for a
    short period of time
  • Display alternation of generations part of time
    is asexual (uses spores), part is sexual (uses
    gametes)

18
Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes club "moss" (top
left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom
left), fern (bottom right)
19
Figure 29.23 The life cycle of a fern
20
Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf
specialized for spore production
21
Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
  • Gymnosperms naked seed plants most ancient
    of seed plants produce cones with seeds inside
  • Ex. Gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifers
  • Angiosperms covered seed plants (these produce
    flowers.then fruits that have the seeds inside
    fruits provide seed protection and better
    guarantees seed dispersal when eaten by animals)
  • Ex. Roses, apple trees, squash, azaeleas,
    grasses

22
The Structure of a Seed
Section 22-4
B
Seed embryo of plant that is wrapped in a
protective covering and surrounded by a food
supply.
A
Go to Section
Presence of a seed allows for reproduction
free of water.
23
Figure 30.16 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed
dispersal Red berries (left), dandelion (right)
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Figure 30.5c Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgo biloba
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Figure 30.6 Phylum Cycadophyta cycads
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Figure 30.7a Phylum Gnetophyta Welwitschia
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Figure 30.8a Phylum Coniferophyta Douglas fir
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Figure 30.8x1 Bristlecone Pine
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Figure 30.8x2 Frasier fir
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Figure 30.10 A closer look at pine cones (Pinus
sp.)
31
Figure 30.11 Representatives of major angiosperm
clades
Angiosperms
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Figure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant an
overview
34
Parts of a flower
35
Figure 30.13a The structure of a flower
Female parts
Male parts
36
Figure 38.3ax1 Lily
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Figure 38.12 Development of a pea fruit (pod)
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Angiosperms
  • Groups 1. Monocots and Dicots
  • 2. Woody and Herbaceous plants
  • 3. Annuals, Biennials, Perennials
  • Groups based on
  • 1. number of seed leaves in embryo
  • 2. characteristics of their stems
  • 3. lifespan of plants

41
Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
Section 22-5
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Go to Section
42
Stem types
Herbaceous
Woody
43
Concept Map
Section 22-5
Plants
are categorized as
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
Go to Section
44
Figure 38.1 Simplified overview of angiosperm
life cycle
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