Text book Notes

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Chapter 12

• Text book Notes

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12-1

• TRANSFORMATION- process by which 1 strain of
  bacteria is altered due to the DNA of another
  bacteria (p 288)
• How did we find out that this happens?

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1928 Griffith British scientist

• Prob? How do bacteria make people sick?
• Specifically the bacteria pneumonia
• Materials mice, syringe, diseased bacteria(A),
  healthy bacteria(B)
• Results (what do you think will happen- which
  bcateria will kill the mice?)

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Harmless bacteria? Mice lived
Bacteria A Mice dies
Flamed Bacteria A Mice lived Why?
Flamed Bacteria A and Bacteria B Mice died Why? The good bacteria picked up the DNA, from the dead disease causing bacteria, and it became disease causing too
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12-3 RNA Protein Synthesis

• Synthesis?
• DNA instruction is in code
• ATCCGGTTAAAGGTCCCTCTCTGATCCCGTATTAAAGTCGATTGACGATG
  CAGTGACGATGAAGTCGAAAACCGGTTGTGTGCCAGTGGCAGTGATG
• Code controls the making of proteins
  (which control traits ex blood type, flower
  color )
• QUESTION OF THE DAY
• How can we decode that message?

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Decode Message

• Message needs to go from nucleus to ribosomes.

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DNA vs RNA
DNA- deoxy, ribo, nucleic, acid RNA ribo, nucleic, acid
Double strand Single strand
Deoxyribose (sugar) Ribose (sugar)
Nitogen Bases ATCG Nitrogen Bases AUCG
JOB- instructions for all cells JOB protein synthesis (needed by body for growth and repair)
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Meet the RNA family

• mRNA travels to ribosomes
• rRNA is present at the ribosomes
• tRNA- transfers the amino acids to the ribosomes

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Transcription

• Step 1 mRNA goes over to the DNA in the nucleus,
  and finds the original strand
• Step 2 mRNA looks only for the section that it
  needs to copy
• Step 3 mRNA finds the section and copies it but
  in its own complementary language
• Step 4 mRNA goes to Ribosome with message

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Translation

• Step 1 mRNA arrives at the ribosome, and rRNA is
  already there waiting.
• Step 2 mRNA and rRNA show the section of the
  code in codons in (mRNA language) to all the
  present tRNAs
• Step 3 the tRNAs look at their anticodons, and
  see which codons they match. They will match
  their corresponding codons with the right amino
  acid.
• Step 4 After a bunch of amino acids line up-
  proteins are made.

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v983lhh20rGY
• Video transcription and translation
• Video replication
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhfZ8o9D1tusfeature
  related

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12-4

• Mutations change in the genetic material
• . Now and again cells make mistakes in copying
  DNA

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2 types of Mutations

• Gene mutations
• Chromosomal mutations

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Gene Mutations

• Occur on a single gene
• TAC GCA TGG AAT
• Code is read in 3 base codons
• Thefatcatandratran- say?

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3 types of gene mutations

• Point Mutations occur at 1 spot
• TAC GCA TGG AAT original
• Substitution?
• Insertion?
• Deletion ?

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• TAC GCA TGG AAT original
• Substitution
• TAC GGA TGG AAT
• Insertion
• TAC GGC ATG GAA T
• Deletion
• TAC GAT GGA AT

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Which are the 2 worst kinds of point mutations?
Why?

• THE FAT CAT RAN original
• Substitution
• THH FAT CAT RAN
• Insertion
• THE FAA TCA TRA N
• Deletion
• HEF ATC ATR AN

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Which are the 2 worst kinds of point mutations?
Why?

• Changes message which changes the amino acid that
  is made- wrong protein made

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Chromosomal Mutations

• Changes in the
• Number of chromosomes
• Downs Syndrome
• Or structure of chromosome
• Deletion
• Duplication
• Inversion
• Translocation

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See chrom. Mut. Chart

• http//www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/prod
  ucts/0-13-181118-5/ch12/sb7015a04.html

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• Deletion- 1 section is deleted
• Duplication- 1 section is doubled
• Inversion- 1 section is reversed
• Translocation -part of one chromosome breaks off
  and attaches to another.

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Mutations are good, bad or neutral

• Neutral
• Bad cause dramatic changes in protein
  structure body cannot function properly
• Good.. Can create variability in species, can be
  beneficial, if environment
• Ex- AIDS resistant gene
• Polyploidy (extra chromosomes)
• Banana and citrus fruits are larger and stronger

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