Text, not Word Processing

1
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

Before we start
2
Document Organisation

• Logical
• Sectioning
• Emphasis
• Document style
• References

• Visual
• Font
• Local spacing
• Text size

3
Pronunciation Guide
4
Pronunciation Guide

• Latex pronounced lay-teks

5
Pronunciation Guide

• Latex pronounced lay-teks

pronounced lay-tech (tech as in technical)
\documentclassarticle \begindocument \emphLo
ng Live \LaTeX Note the emphasis! \enddocument
6
Your favourite text editor
acrobat
yap
dvi2pdf doc.dvi
latex doc.tex
Text file with embedded instructions doc.tex
Device independent document description doc.dvi
PDF document description doc.pdf
Some other printer format (eg postscript)
7
Your favourite text editor
acrobat
Text file with embedded instructions doc.tex
PDF document description doc.pdf
pdftex doc.tex
8
Some advantages of

• concentrate on content before appearance
• mathematical formulae easily described

• freely available for all popular platforms
• output comparable (equivalent) to that of
  published books
• various tools available eg
  .

9
Have you ever noticed

• how certain letters overlap in Word,
  PowerPoint, etc?
• fi ffi ff fl ffl
• because xxxxxx use ligatures and gives sexier
  results

10
What to Download

• . is a good Windows
  implementation
• WinEdt is a good editor for with a
  full IDE for document writing
• So is vi ?
• TeXPoint is perfect for including stuff
  in PowerPoint presentations.

11
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

First steps
12
Coding Basics

• . commands start with a backslash \
• Parameters are given in curly brackets
• Environments (blocks with a certain type of
  content) are of the form
• \beginenvironment_type
• environment content
• \endenvironment_type

13
The Simplest Document

• \documentclassreport
• \begindocument
• \enddocument

14
The Simplest Document

• \documentclassreport
• \begindocument
• \enddocument

This specifies the type of the document report,
book, article, letter, etc.
15
The Simplest Document

• \documentclassreport
• \begindocument
• \enddocument

The way the document is formatted is deduced
through its class
16
The Simplest Document

• \documentclassreport
• \begindocument
• \enddocument

Anything within the document environment is
typeset as output
17
Hello World!
\documentclassreport \begindocument Hello Worl
d! Bye! \enddocument
18
Hello World!
\documentclassreport \begindocument Hello Worl
d! Bye! \enddocument
19
Hello World!

• Newlines in the source are ignored.
• Skipping a line in the source starts a new
  paragraph

\documentclassreport \begindocument Hello Worl
d! Bye! \enddocument
20
Commonly Used Symbols
21
Excuse my French
\documentclassreport \begindocument He said
She said H\ell\o, jadore \LaTeX!
She was French, you see \ldots \enddocument
22
Excuse my French
\documentclassreport \begindocument He said
She said H\ell\o, jadore \LaTeX!
She was French, you see \ldots \enddocument
23
Useful Document Classes

• Article Ideal for a short paper (divided into
  sections, subsections, etc). Typeset to be
  printed double-sided.
• Book Class to be used to typeset a book
  (chapters, sections, etc). Typeset to be printed
  double-sided.
• Report (Almost) identical to the book class but
  for single-sided printing.
• Other classes include letter, slides, etc.

24
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

Logical Organisation
25
Organising a Document

• A document is split into logical parts
• A title
• An abstract
• A number of parts
• A number of chapters in each part
• A number of sections in each chapter
• A number of subsections in each section
• A number of subsubsections in each subsection
• Availability of a logical part depends on the
  document class (eg no chapters in a paper).
• Typesetting of the sections may vary depending on
  document class.

26
The Title
\documentclassarticle \begindocument \title\
LaTeX Fun with Text \authorCikku
Flieles \date31st February 2000 \maketitle \e
nddocument
27
The Title
\documentclassarticle \begindocument \title\
LaTeX Fun with Text \authorCikku
Flieles \date31st February 2000 \maketitle \en
ddocument
28
The Abstract

• Available in article and report class.
• Used to give an overview of the content of the
  document.
• Is usually typeset with wider margins than the
  main text.
• Specified using the abstract environment
• \beginabstract
• \endabstract

29
Logical Sections

• To start a named part, chapter, section,
  subsection or subsubsection use the command
• \section_typesection name
• where section_type is one of part, chapter,
  section, subsection and subsubsection.
• This will automatically create the title and
  numbering of the section.
• Any text after the command will appear inside the
  section named.
• Parts and chapters are only available in the
  report and book class.

30
Logical Sections
\documentclassreport \begindocument \chapterB
asics \sectionFirst of all \ldots Initially,
we think. \subsectionSit Down Find a chair and
sit down. \subsectionThink Think about the
chair. \enddocument
31
Logical Sections
\documentclassreport \begindocument \chapterB
asics \sectionFirst of all \ldots Initially,
we think. \subsectionSit Down Find a chair and
sit down. \subsectionThink Think about the
chair. \enddocument
32
Figures and Tables

• The figure environment is used to include a
  floating figure in the text.
• Similarly the table environment can be used to
  insert a floating table.
• A caption can be added to both using the
  \caption command.
• The two environments are identical except for the
  caption title, and whether they appear in a list
  of figures, or the list of tables.

33
Figures and Tables

• The figure environment is used to include a
  floating figure in the text.
• Similarly the table environment can be used to
  insert a floating table.
• A caption can be added to both using the
  \caption command.
• The two environments are identical except for the
  caption title, and whether they appear in a list
  of figures, or the list of tables.

Floating objects do not have a fixed position in
the body of the text, but may be moved around by
to improve the layout
34
Figures and Tables
\beginfigure Here include whatever you want
in the figure. \captionA demo
figure \endfigure Any other text
\ldots \begintable Here include whatever you
want in the table. \captionA demo
table \table Note that the figures and tables
may move \ldots
35
Figures and Tables
\beginfigure Here include whatever you want in
the figure. \captionA demo figure \endfigure
Any other text \ldots \begintable Here
include whatever you want in the
table. \captionA demo table \table Note that
the figures and tables may move \ldots
36
Figures and Tables
\beginfigure Here include whatever you want in
the figure. \captionA demo figure \endfigure
Any other text \ldots \begintable Here
include whatever you want in the
table. \captionA demo table \table Note that
the figures and tables may move \ldots
keeps count of the figure and table
numbering automatically.
37
Figures and Tables
\beginfigure Here include whatever you want in
the figure. \captionA demo figure \endfigure
Any other text \ldots \begintable Here
include whatever you want in the
table. \captionA demo table \table Note that
the figures and tables may move \ldots
If puts the figures and tables
in strange positions there are ways of giving it
suggestions. Check a book on for
more details.
38
Tables of Contents

• To add a table of contents, with parts, chapters,
  sections, etc use the command \tableofcontents.
• You may also include a list of figures and a list
  of tables using \listoffigures and \listoftables.

39
Tables of Contents
\titleA Quick \LaTeX\ Primer \authorGordon J.
Pace \date \maketitle \tableofcontents
40
Tables of Contents
\titleA Quick \LaTeX\ Primer \authorGordon J.
Pace \date \maketitle \tableofcontents
41
Tables of Contents
CAUTION . creates an auxiliary file
with all page numbers when run through a file.
Run twice to ensure that they match
\titleA Quick \LaTeX\ Primer \authorGordon J.
Pace \date \maketitle \tableofcontents
42
Cross References

• Quite regularly, you will want to refer to
  section 4.2.1.4 from section 7.6.4.2.
• But when you add a section before section 4.2,
  you will have to revise the numbering
• provides a way of naming sections,
  chapters, figures and tables to allow references
  updated automatically.

43
Cross References

• Use \labellabel name to name a numbered object
  (figure, section, chapter, etc). It may appear
  within the \caption, \section, etc parameter or
  just after it.
• Use \reflabel name to insert the number of the
  object named using \label command.
• Use \pagereflabel name to insert the page
  number where the named object appears.
• References may be forward or backward ones.

44
Cross References
\sectionIntroduction ... more details can
be found in section \refsproof (in particular
look at figure \reffproof on page
\pagereffproof)... \sectionProofs and
Roofs ... \subsectionProof \labelsproof \b
eginfigure ... \captionProof outline
\labelfproof \endfigure ...
45
Cross References
\sectionIntroduction ... more details can
be found in section \refsproof (in particular
look at figure \reffproof on page
\pagereffproof)... \sectionProofs and
Roofs ... \subsectionProof \labelsproof \b
eginfigure ... \captionProof outline
\labelfproof \endfigure ...
46
Cross References
Using labels starting with f (for figures), s
(for sections), c (for chapters) is not
obligatory but will help you remember.
\sectionIntroduction ... more details can
be found in section \refsproof (in particular
look at figure \reffproof on page
\pagereffproof)... \sectionProofs and
Roofs ... \subsectionProof \labelsproof \b
eginfigure ... \captionProof outline
\labelfproof \endfigure ...
47
Cross References
CAUTION As with tables of contents,
uses an auxiliary file with all references. Run
twice to ensure that references
match
\sectionIntroduction ... more details can
be found in section \refsproof (in particular
look at figure \reffproof on page
\pagereffproof)... \sectionProofs and
Roofs ... \subsectionProof \labelsproof \b
eginfigure ... \captionProof outline
\labelfproof \endfigure ...
48
Organising a Large Document

• Writing a large document can make access to
  different parts unwieldy.
• has two commands to import files from
  one another \inputfile, \includefile.
• Both include the text in the file given as
  parameter as-is into the main document.
• They are identical except that \include starts a
  new page automatically.

49
Organising a Large Document

• Writing a large document can make access to
  different parts unwieldy.
• has two commands to import files from
  one another \inputfile, \includefile.
• Both include the text in the file given as
  parameter as-is into the main document.
• They are identical except that \include starts a
  new page automatically.

Note that the although the files are assumed to
be files, the .tex extension is left
out.
50
Typical Document Organisation
main.tex
Document FYP Chicken-Sort Date
1/9/2005 Author Cikku Flieles \documentstyle
report \begindocument \inputfrontpage
short introduction \inputintroduction The
algorithm \inputalgorithm Correctness
proof \inputproof Conclusions \inputconclusi
ons \enddocument
51
Typical Document Organisation
proof.tex
main.tex
\chapterThe Proof of Correctness \section
Proof Outline We prove the correctness
of chicken sort using a technique based on the
Socratic method of discourse. Let us start by
assuming that Plato knew about this proof...
Document FYP Chicken-Sort Date
1/9/2005 Author Cikku Flieles \documentstyle
report \begindocument \inputfrontpage
short introduction \inputintroduction The
algorithm \inputalgorithm Correctness
proof \inputproof Conclusions \inputconclusi
ons \enddocument
52
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

Pictures Tables
53
Images

• Images can be added anywhere in a document (not
  just as a figure)
• To include an image, use the command
  \includegraphicsfilename
• Various formats are allowed, including gif, jpg,
  pdf (when using pdftex), etc.

54
Resizing Images

• Images can be resized using the
• \resizeboxwidthheight
• object to resize
• Width and height can be set in various units cm,
  mm, in, textwidth (the size of the page less the
  margins).
• Use ! as the width or height to scale it
  according to the other given size.

55
Il-Ahwa xFigure!
\beginfigure \resizebox0.8textwidth!
\includegraphicsgirlinlatex.gif \captionIl-Ah
wa xFigure \endfigure
56
Il-Ahwa xFigure!
\beginfigure \resizebox0.8textwidth!
\includegraphicsgirlinlatex.gif \captionIl-Ah
wa xFigure \endfigure
57
Tables

• To draw up tabular data, use the tabular
  environment.
• An extra parameter gives the information about
  the column layout.
• Separate lines using \\ and columns using the
  ampersand () symbol.
• \hline draws a horizontal line.

58
Tables

• To draw up tabular data, use the tabular
  environment.
• An extra parameter gives the information about
  the column layout.
• Separate lines using \\ and columns using the
  ampersand () symbol.
• \hline draws a horizontal line.

eg lcr results in two vertical lines, a
left aligned column, another vertical line, a
centred column, and a right aligned column, and a
vertical line.
59
Eurovision Singers
\begintabularlcr \hline Name Pos
Pnts \\ \hline Cikku 3rd 5 \\ Pippo 2nd
10 \\ Salvu 1st 15 \\
\hline \endtabular
60
Eurovision Singers
\begintabularlcr \hline Name Pos
Pnts \\ \hline Cikku 3rd 5 \\ Pippo 2nd
10 \\ Salvu 1st 15 \\
\hline \endtabular
61
Eurovision Singers
\begintabularlcr \hline Name Pos
Pnts \\ \hline Cikku 3rd 5 \\ Pippo 2nd
10 \\ Salvu 1st 15 \\
\hline \endtabular
left
centre
right
62
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

More Typesetting
63
Footnotes

• To add a footnote, use the
• \footnotefootnote text
• A footnote mark (such as 1 or 2) appears where
  the command is given, and the footnote at the
  bottom of the page.
• takes care of the rest.

64
Unordered Lists

• The itemize environment creates an unordered list
  (like this one).
• Items are started using the \item command.
• You can have nested lists.

65
Ordered Lists

1. The enumerate environment creates an unordered
   list (like this one).
2. Items are also started using the \item command.
3. Nested ordered lists can be used.

66
Description Lists

• The environment The description environment
  creates a description list (like this one).
• Items Items are started using the \item command,
  with the title given as an optional parameter (in
  square brackets) just after the command.

67
Pre-Formatted Text

• Anything given within the verbatim environment is
  typeset exactly as given in a monospaced font,
  with no command interpretation.
• To include a non-interpreted string within your
  text, use \verbthe text command. You may use !,
  or a number of other characters to start and
  end the text (the same symbol must be used to
  start and end the text).

68
Centre Alignment

• Anything appearing within a center environment is
  centred on the page.
• If you have just one line, such as an image, you
  can use
• \centerlinecentred line

69
Typesetting Haskell
\beginenumerate \item The first\footnotenot
second item \centerlinelambda.pdf \item The
second\footnotenot first item \beginverbatim
let f n n mod 17 in map (\x -gt x f x)
1..10 \endverbatim \endenumerate
70
Typesetting Haskell
\beginenumerate \item The first\footnotenot
second item \centerlinelambda.pdf \item The
second\footnotenot first item \beginverbatim
let f n n mod 17 in map (\x -gt x f x)
1..10 \endverbatim \endenumerate
71
Elephants and Giraffes
\begindescription \itemElephants Elephants
can be typeset using the \verb\elephant comma
nd. \itemGiraffes Two points should be kept
in mind \beginitemize \item \LaTeX\ offers
no support for giraffes. \item Neither does
Word. \enditemize \enddescription
72
Elephants and Giraffes
\begindescription \itemElephants Elephants
can be typeset using the \verb\elephant comma
nd. \itemGiraffes Two points should be kept
in mind \beginitemize \item \LaTeX\ offers
no support for giraffes. \item Neither does
Word. \enditemize \enddescription
73
Emphasis and Boldface

• Emphasised text is produced using the \emphtext
  command.
• Boldface is obtained through the use of
  \textbftext.
• Rarely used are sans-serif \textsftext, small
  caps \textsctext and typewritten \texttttext.

74
Bold Elephants in Occam
\textbfDefinition An \emphelephant can be
defined to be a giraffe who should go on a
diet. \textbfDefinition A \emphgiraffe is
nothing but an anorexic elephant. \textsfOccam
implements elephants very efficiently. Note that
\textsfOccam is not written \textscOccam or
\textttOccam!
75
Bold Elephants in Occam
\textbfDefinition An \emphelephant can be
defined to be a giraffe who should go on a
diet. \textbfDefinition A \emphgiraffe is
nothing but an anorexic elephant. \textsfOccam
implements elephants very efficiently. Note that
\textsfOccam is not written \textscOccam or
\textttOccam!
76
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

Mathematics
77
Some Symbols

• To illustrate the rest of this part, we will
  introduce some mathematical symbols. More can be
  found on the last few slides.
• All mathematics must appear in maths mode but
  more about this in a moment
• The following symbols can be produced using the
  commands \leq, \times, \pi, \infty.

78
More Symbols

• Some symbols are used to combine other
  mathematical expressions
• Powers
• ei\pi -1
• Subscripts
• a_n1 2 \times a_n
• Fractions
• \fracx\pia_25
• Summation
• \sum_i0\infty ai

79
Inline Mathematics

• If a mathematical expression appears in a line of
  normal text, use a dollar symbol to start and
  to end the mathematics.
• This ensures that the lines are kept as narrow as
  possible to avoid having to change
  line spacing drastically.

80
Inline Mathematics

• If a mathematical expression appears in a line of
  normal text, use a dollar symbol to start and
  to end the mathematics.
• This ensures that the lines are kept as low as
  possible to avoid having to change
  line spacing.

It has already been shown that a_n1 2
\times a_n. We can thus conclude that
\fraca_na_0 2n.
81
Inline Mathematics

• If a mathematical expression appears in a line of
  normal text, use a dollar symbol to start and
  to end the mathematics.
• This ensures that the lines are kept as low as
  possible to avoid having to change
  line spacing.

It has already been shown that a_n1 2
\times a_n. We can thus conclude that
\fraca_na_0 2n.
82
Large Formulae

• If the mathematical formulae are to appear on a
  separate line, start the mathematics using \,
  and end it with \.

It has already been shown that a_n1 2
\times a_n. We can thus conclude that
\\fraca_na_0 2n \ Note the difference
from inline mode \fraca_na_0 2n.
83
Large Formulae

• If the mathematical formulae are to appear on a
  separate line, start the mathematics using \,
  and end it with \.

It has already been shown that a_n1 2
\times a_n. We can thus conclude that
\\fraca_na_0 2n \ Note the difference
from inline mode \fraca_na_0 2n.
84
Equations

• Quite regularly, one needs equations with aligned
  equality signs. The environment eqnarray is used
  for this.
• Separate lines using \\, and the left hand side,
  equality, and right hand side of the equations
  using .

85
Equations

• Quite regularly, one needs equations with aligned
  equality signs. The environment eqnarray is used
  for this.
• Separate lines using \\, and the left hand side,
  equality, and right hand side of the equations
  using .

\begineqnarray a_0 1 \\ a_n1
2\times a_n \endeqnarray
86
Equations

• Quite regularly, one needs equations with aligned
  equality signs. The environment eqnarray is used
  for this.
• Separate lines using \\, and the left hand side,
  equality, and right hand side of the equations
  using .

\begineqnarray a_0 1 \\ a_n1
2\times a_n \endeqnarray
87
Equations

• Quite regularly, one needs equations with aligned
  equality signs. The environment eqnarray is used
  for this.
• Separate lines using \\, and the left hand side,
  equality, and right hand side of the equations
  using .

Note that the equations are numbered. If you
dont want this feature, use the eqnarray
environment instead
\begineqnarray a_0 1 \\ a_n1
2\times a_n \endeqnarray
88
Some Notes

• Spacing is ignored in math mode x y gives the
  same result as xy.
• If you need to escape from math mode to include
  normal text (eg for the name of a function) use
  the command \mboxtext (eg en\mboxfibonacci(
  n1))
• Never use math mode to emphasise text because
  different gives , not
  !

89
Some Mathematical Symbols
90
Binary Operators
91
Relational Operators
92
Some Arrows
93
Big Symbols
94
Greek Letters
95
Standard Functions
96
Text, not Word Processing

• Gordon J. Pace
• March 2006

Bibliographies
97
Simple Bibliographies

• To create the bibliography, use the
  thebibliography environment.
• Items in the bibliography are added using the
  \bibitemlabel command. The label is used to
  refer to the entry.
• Citing a bibliography item in the main text can
  be done using the \citelabel or \citelabel1,
  label2, command to obtain citations such as 2
  or 7,4.

98
Citing Papers the Easy Way
\citealur94,asarin01 talk about
timed-automata, even if \citeasarin01 treats a
particular case of the general case appearing in
\citealur94. \beginthebibliography99 \bibi
temalur94 R. Alur and D.L. Dill, \emphA
theory of timed automata,\/ Theoretical
Computer Science 1261(183--235),
1994. \bibitemasarin01 E. Asarin, G.
Schneider and S. Yovine, \emphOn the
Decidability of the Reachability Problem for
Planar Differential Inclusions,\/ in Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 2034,
2001. \endthebibliography
99
Citing Papers the Easy Way
\citealur94,asarin01 talk about
timed-automata, even if \citeasarin01 treats a
particular case of the general case appearing in
\citealur94. \beginthebibliography99 \bibi
temalur94 R. Alur and D.L. Dill, \emphA
theory of timed automata,\/ Theoretical
Computer Science 1261(183--235),
1994. \bibitemasarin01 E. Asarin, G.
Schneider and S. Yovine, \emphOn the
Decidability of the Reachability Problem for
Planar Differential Inclusions,\/ in Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 2034,
2001. \endthebibliography
100
Citing Papers the Easy Way
\citealur94,asarin01 talk about
timed-automata, even if \citeasarin01 treats a
particular case of the general case appearing in
\citealur94. \beginthebibliography99 \bibi
temalur94 R. Alur and D.L. Dill, \emphA
theory of timed automata,\/ Theoretical
Computer Science 1261(183--235),
1994. \bibitemasarin01 E. Asarin, G.
Schneider and S. Yovine, \emphOn the
Decidability of the Reachability Problem for
Planar Differential Inclusions,\/ in Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 2034,
2001. \endthebibliography
The number here is used to tell
that no more than 99 entries will appear in the
bibliography
101
Citing Papers the Easy Way
CAUTION creates an bibliography
file with all reference information when run
through a file. Run twice to ensure
that references and citations match
\citealur94,asarin01 talk about
timed-automata, even if \citeasarin01 treats a
particular case of the general case Appearing in
\citealur94. \beginthebibliography99 \bibi
temalur94 R. Alur and D.L. Dill, \emphA
theory of timed automata,\/ Theoretical
Computer Science 1261(183--235),
1994. \bibitemasarin01 E. Asarin, G.
Schneider and S. Yovine, \emphOn the
Decidability of the Reachability Problem for
Planar Differential Inclusions,\/ in Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 2034,
2001. \endthebibliography
102
The Problems with This

• It is your responsibility to ensure that the
  references appear in a standard way (eg all
  journal papers start with the author name, have
  an emphasised title, etc).
• Reuse of bibliographies can be cumbersome.

103
Using .

• is an additional tool, which takes
  a list of references (generated by ),
  a (.bib) file with all the bibliographic entries,
  and generates a file with all the reference
  entries to be used by .

104
Using .

1. Run to generate the list of citations.
2. Run to obtain the reference
   details.
3. Run to use the reference details.
4. Run again to get references right.

105
Using .

1. Run to generate the list of citations.
2. Run to obtain the reference
   details.
3. Run to use the reference details.
4. Run again to get references right.

Luckily, WinEdt does this at the click of one
button!
106
Using .

• Citations in the file appear as before
  using the \cite command.
• At the point where you want the references to
  appear, use the \bibliographyfile command,
  where filename.bib is the name of the file with
  the entries.

107
Your Will Look Like This
_at_articlealur94, author"R. Alur and D.L.
Dill", title"A theory of timed
automata", journal"Theoretical Computer
Science", year1994, volume126, pages"183--23
5" _at_Bookbird88, author "R. Bird and P.
Wadler", title "Introduction to Functional
Programming", publisher "Prentice Hall
International, New York", year 1988
108
Your Will Look Like This
You can either download these entries, type them
in yourself, or use a bibliography database tool
(eg JabRef) to manage them
_at_articlealur94, author"R. Alur and D.L.
Dill", title"A theory of timed
automata", journal"Theoretical Computer
Science", year1994, volume126, pages"183--23
5" _at_Bookbird88, author "R. Bird and P.
Wadler", title "Introduction to Functional
Programming", publisher "Prentice Hall
International, New York", year 1988
109
Your Will Look Like This
_at_articlealur94, author"R. Alur and D.L.
Dill", title"A theory of timed
automata", journal"Theoretical Computer
Science", year1994, volume126, pages"183--23
5" _at_Bookbird88, author "R. Bird and P.
Wadler", title "Introduction to Functional
Programming", publisher "Prentice Hall
International, New York", year 1988
uses the entry type (article, book,
etc) to ensure a standard formatting. You dont
need to worry any longer whether its book or
article titles that should appear in italics.
110
Using .

• Using will only show the items in
  the bibliography referred to in the text. Use the
  \nocite command in the file to show
  all the items in the bibliography.
• If you prefer citations of the form Alu94
  instead of 1, add the command
  \bibliographystylealpha before the bibliography
  in the file.

111
Quick and Dirty Bibliographies, or
?

• If youre writing a quick document, with
  references you will use only once, dont bother
  with .
• However, in that case, make sure that your
  bibliographic entries appear in a standard way,
  and contain all the necessary information.
• For a bigger project, even an FYP, I would start
  building a database early on to
  reduce work later on.

112
Go forth and