War and Peace Chapter 5

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War and Peace Chapter 5

• How did military events and their consequences
  contribute to the foundations of Canada

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Superpower

• A country that is more powerful than all other
  countries.
• Superpowers dominate world affairs
• Today the United States is a Super Power
• In the 1700s France and England were rival
  superpowers

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France and England AT WAR!

• France and England were often in war. They both
  wanted the same thingmore territories and power.
• The Seven Years War

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Perspectives on War

• Halifax Merchant
• If our navy can defeat the French, we will have
  a much larger market for our goods. Should I be
  planning to set up a business in Quebec City?

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Perspectives on War

• Canadien Habitant
• If the English come here, will we be forced to
  give up our livelihoods, homes, rights, language,
  and religion?

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Perspectives on War

• Mikmaq woman
• We have lived peacefully with the Acadians. The
  British have been our enemy since they raided to
  enslave us. If the British come, will they take
  our land?

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Perspectives on War

• Mohawk trapper
• We have a strong alliance with the French. Will
  we have to defend them in this war? What is war
  going to mean for the fur trade?

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Perspectives on War

• Acadian Farmer
• Why cant both sides just leave us in peace? Why
  do we have to choose to support one side or the
  other?

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Background to War

• Seven Years war 1756
• Almost a World War (Europe, India, Carribean,
  Africa)

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The French Perspective

• Established in North America (1750)
• Huge colony
• The heart of New France was Quebec
• These colonists saw themselves as Canadians not
  Europeans
• Felt Secure with Quebec and Louisbourg

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Canadiens?

• Canadiens
• Francaphone citizens of Quebec.
• Francaphone A person whos first language is
  French.

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The English Perspective

• English colonists outnumbered French colonists
• Most lived in the 13 colonies
• Wanted to move into the interior (Ohio Valley)
• Wanted control of Atlantic fisheries
• Wanted St. Lawrence
• Navy was huge

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French

• Strengths
• Most powerful army in Europe
• Strong fortresses at Louisbourg, Quebec
• Many First Nation alliances
• Eg Miqmac,Mohawks,
• Wendat, Algonquin

• Weaknesses
• Dependant on France for supplies
• Huge territory to defend
• Single entry to colony (St Lawrence)
• Military government officials who couldnt agree
  on defences

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English

• Strengths
• Most powerful navy in Europe.
• Prosperous colonies in New England 13 that
  provided supplies.
• Haudenosaunee allies

• Weaknesses
• army not used to guerrilla forest warfare
• Major challenges to capture forts
• Constant bickering among the 13 colonies

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War Rumblings in the West

• War started out in Ohio valley led by a Major
  George Washington. He lost a battle but later the
  English would send in more forces.
• French knew Indian style warfare
• British were determined to rid North Americans of
  the French. They sent more ships, soldiers and
  money.

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Prelude to WarThe Acadians

• The Acadians were the descendants of the
  French and farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy.
  
• By 1710 Acadia was under British control.
  Britain changed the name to Nova Scotia and let
  the Acadians live in Peace.

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Acadian Way of Life

• 1750 10 000 Acadians farmed. Many married and
  mixed with the Miqmaq. Most were catholic and
  french speaking. They fished and farmed.

• Caught in the Middle
• Britain wanted to populate Nova Scotia with
  English settlers. They were worried the Acadians
  would side with the French in war even if they
  swore to the British Crown.

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English Ultimatum

• Acadians.you must swear your loyalty to the
  English Crown! Swear your loyalty or lose your
  land!
• British General
• We do not want war. We wish to remain neutral
  and in peace!
• Acadian Farmer

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The Great Deportation

• The Governor of Nova Scotia Lawrence
• The French inhabitants of the province shall be
  removed out of the country as soon as possible.
  British soldiers attacked the Acadian villages
  and rounded them up at gunpoint. They broke up
  families and forced them to board ships bound for
  distant lands. They burned homes and churches.
  They destroyed farms and drove off animals.
• Most Acadians were deported to New England
  colonies. Some sent to the caribbean, France or
  England. Many made it to Louisiana. Most died of
  disease, drowning or starvation.

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Quote from Colonel John WinslowBritish Army
Office during the Deportation

• The whole of French people were drawn together
  in a group. I then ordered Captain Adams to lead
  away the young men to the ships. I ordered the
  prisoners to march. They all answered they would
  not go without their fathers. I told them no was
  a word I didnt understand.
• The Kings command had to be obeyed. I told them
  to use harsh means, but there was no time for
  talking and delay. I ordered the troops to fix
  their bayonets and march toward the french. Then
  started praying, singing and crying. Along the
  way the women and children were on their knees
  begging and crying!

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The Struggle for Canada

• Three pronged approach
• Louisbourg
• Ohio Valley
• Quebec

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Louisbourg

• Spring 1758
• Huge force of ships surrounded fort
• Starved them out
• French surrendered

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Onward to CanadaWithout LouisbourgEnglish
could attack Quebec

• French
• General Montcalm
• 16 000 soldiers
• Stone fortress

• English
• General Wolfe
• 200 ships
• 9000 soldiers
• 18 000 sailors

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Standoff on the Plains of Abraham

• French and British bombed each other for 9 weeks.
• Wolfe came up with plan.
• Take to the cliffs and surprise attack
• And waited just outside the city gates.

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The Battle

• At the fort Montcalm had 6000 soldiers,
  including 300 Indian allies. The British had 4400
  professional soldiers. Reinforcements hadnt
  arrived to help the french.
• Montcalm had to decide..wait or fight.
• He fought and emerged. After 15 minutes of
  slaughter the French turned and fled. 1300
  soldiers were dead and it was the bloodiest
  battle on Canadian soil.

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French lose Quebec!

• British took over Quebec city
• Remaining French Soldiers fell back to Montreal
• First Nation allies didnt want to fight.
• Sept 1760 French surrendered in Montreal.
• New France was now British territory.

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First Nations and the War

• First Nations deeply involved
• France and Britain signed a treaty in 1763 and
  gave North America to Britain.
• Minewewh was a chief to the Ojibwa people. He
  told the British.
• Although you have conquered the French, you have
  not conquered us. We are not your slaves. These
  lakes, woods, mountains were left to us by our
  ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will
  part with them to none.

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Pontiacs War

• Odawa chief
• Attacked British to get them out of Ohio Valley
• 1763 attacked Detroit
• Wanted French to help but already surrendered

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The Treaty of Paris, 1763

• Surrender of Montreal 1760
• Ended conflict
• France gave up Quebec
• Kept Guadeloupe in the Caribbean and the French
  Island of St. Pierre and Miquelon

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Options

• Eviction Deport the Canadiens
• Assimilation Pressure the Canadiens to give up
  language and religion and become British
• Accommodation Leave them alone with their
  religion, language, customs

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Royal Proclamation

• They did not want to evict Canadiens, however
  they did want to assimilate them.
• 1763 King George the III of England signed
  Royal Proclamation.

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Terms of Royal Proclamation

• New France turns into province of Quebec.
• Quebec became smaller.
• The interior was set aside for First Nations.
• A system of British laws and courts replaced
  French system.
• Civil government replaced with military
  government.
• Government appointed by Britain.
• Catholic Church loses tithe (tax)

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Royal ProclamationA Quote from King George III

• There has been many frauds and abuses by
  taking lands away from the Indians. Many have
  been prejudice for our own interests and the
  Indians are not happy. In order therefore to
  prevent any injustices in the future that no one
  buy anymore lands from the Indians.
• HOW DOES KING GEORGE III ENGAGE IN ACTIVE
  CITIZENSHIP? WHAT REASONS DOES THE KING GIVE FOR
  PROTECTING FIRST NATIONS LANDS?

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Quebec Act of 1774

• Attempts to turn Quebec into a colony with
  British identity fails. So they come up with the
  Quebec Act.
• Terms
• Quebec was expanded
• Many Native lands went back to Quebec
• French language rights recognized
• Seigneural system kept in place
• Catholics given freedom of religion
• French civil law
• Catholic church was able to tithe and hold
  property

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The Beginning of a Bilingual Canada

• The Quebec Act expanded the size of the colony
  to include the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. This
  was prime fur trading country.
• What might the colonists in the Thirteen
  Colonies think about this?