Chapter 26 World War II

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Chapter 26World War II

• Section 1 The War Begins

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Results of WWIIWhy study it?

• Largest armed conflict in the history of the
  world
• 62-78 million worldwide deaths (military
  civilian)
• Mass genocide committed towards individual groups
  (The Holocaust, Great Purges, etc.)
• Atomic Age begins (and other new technologies)
• De-Colonization Nationalism
• The beginnings of the Cold War (American Soviet
  dominance of the world)

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TOTALITARIANISM(a govt. that has total control
over its people)

• Shared
• Characteristics
• extreme
• nationalism
• one strong leader
• one political party
• strong military
• secret police
• censorship
• propaganda
• indoctrination
• (teaching young
• people accepted
• ideas of the govt.)

• Communism
• government owns the businesses and land
• Soviet Union

• Fascism
• individual people own the businesses and land
• Germany, Italy

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Absolute Dictators Methods of Control

• Dictators often used propaganda tools to maintain
  power (books, radio, the press, films)
• People were forbidden from criticizing their
  government

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Nazi Propaganda
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The Rise of Dictators

• Dictators (absolute rulers) seized power in
  Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union after World
  War I
• Germany was treated severely after WWI (stripped
  of territory, forced to disarm, pay reparations)
• Worldwide Depression also hit many people
  looked to new leaders to solve problems
• The MAJOR Dictators Benito Mussolini in Italy
  Adolf Hitler in Germany Joseph Stalin in the
  Soviet Union

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Benito Mussolini (Italy)

• Preached a government called Fascism movement
  emphasizing loyalty to the state and its leader
• Deeply anti-Communist strong support for Italian
  corporations
• Deep desire to make Italy a great world power
• Active Secret Police would jail political
  opponents
• Linked to racism and cultural superiority

Mussolini called himself IL DUCE (The Chief)
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Adolf Hitler (Germany)

• Joined politics after WWI wanted to avenge
  Germanys loss
• Organized Nazi Party tried to seize power in
  1923 but was arrested
• While in prison wrote Mein Kampf
• Spoke about Germany racial superiority (German
  Aryans were superior all others like Jews,
  Slavs, Gypsies were inferior)
• Stated German need for Lebensraum living space

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Hitlers Policies

• Banned all political parties
• Created a black-uniformed, secret police unit
  called the SS (Schutzstaffel)
• Massive building program put millions to work
  ending the Depression in Germany

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Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

• Communist leader (Russia became Communist after
  WWI)
• Controlled every aspect of peoples lives
• Attempted to create the ideal Communist state
• Elimination of all private industry
• Collectivized all farms into state-run
  agriculture
• Transformed Soviet Union into industrial giant
  (Five Year Plans)
• Eliminated all competition to achieve his goals
  (millions killed or sent to forced labor camps)
• The Great Purge (8-13 million enemies of the
  people killed)

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New Government for Japan

• Japan seemed peaceful and had a democratic
  government in the 1920s
• However, few in government could control the
  military (who reported directly to the emperor)
• When hard economic times hit Japan (caused by the
  Depression), the military installed a new
  government that was centered around the Emperor
  for whom the military would rule in the name of

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Goals for Japans Militarists

• Expand empire overseas
• Improve economy through imperialism
• Form a Pacific Empire that included China
• BENEFITS OF THE EMPIRE ARE
• ?Could access much needed raw materials
• ?Could have an empire that included billions of
  people to trade with
• ?New empire would give living space for rising
  population

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Where Japan could find a solution for what they
desired
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Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
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Japans invasions

• 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria (Northeastern
  China - rich in natural resources)
• League of Nations protested action, but did
  nothing to stop Japan
• Japan simply left League of Nations in 1933
• 1937 Japan invaded the rest of China (captured
  Beijing and Nanjing where thousands of
  civilians were killed) Rape of Nanjing

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Italy invades Ethiopia

• Mussolini saw the League of Nations do nothing to
  stop Japan
• Envious of Britain Frances holdings in Africa
• Invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 the spears and
  swords of Ethiopia no match for tanks, guns, and
  planes of Italy
• League of Nations take no action to stop Italy

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Germany Begins Conquests

• 1936 Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland
  (German region near the French border)
• WWI treaty said no German troops here
• French Govt and League of Nations TAKE NO
  ACTION

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German-Italian Alliance

• Germany and Italy formed the Axis Powers
• Now two dictators with stated goals of
  expansion are good friends
• Axis Powers help Spains Fascist military
  overthrow its elected government (Spanish Civil
  War)

Mussolini and Hitler
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Hitler begins his own Conquests

• 1938 Hitler and the Germans invade Austria
  (most Austrians spoke German and welcomed
  becoming a part of Germany)
• ButHitler and the Germans were expanding and
  the WWI treaty told them not to

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The Sudetenland

• After taking Austria Hitler wanted more
• His next desire is the Sudetenland in
  Czechoslovakia
• Small area of Western Czech where many
  German-speakers lived
• The Czechs didnt want to give this area to
  Germany nor did France and Russia

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Germanys Expansion
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Appeasement at Munich

• The British step in to offer a peace and avoid
  war
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets
  with Hitler in Munich, Germany
• They agree to give Hitler the Sudetenland
• Hitler has to promise he is done seeking territory

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Reactions to Munich

• Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister
  who came up with the agreement, said that he had
  achieved peace in our time

• Winston Churchill, the future Prime Minister,
  said Britain and France had to choose between
  war and shame. They chose shame. They will get
  war, too.

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Hitler breaks his promise Germany Starts the War

• After being given Sudetenland Hitler takes the
  rest of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler then signs a Non-Aggression Pact with
  Stalin and the Soviet Union (they agree to not
  make war on each other) now France and Britain
  have lost an ally in Stalin
• Immediately after Germany invades Poland in
  Sept. 1939 (France Britain declare war on
  Germany) WWII officially begins

The Non-Aggression Pact was publicly a peace
treaty, but in reality just a ploy by Hitler and
Stalin to divide up Eastern Europe
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The Conquered World - 1942
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Hitlers Lightning War

• Hitler introduced the Blitzkrieg or
  Lightning War as his principle strategy
• Took the enemy by surprise using fast moving
  tanks and airplanes followed by infantry
  soldiers

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Hitler Attacks Western Europe

• April 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway
  (he wanted coastline areas to launch future
  attacks on Britain)
• May 1940 Hitler attacks Holland, Belgium,
  Luxembourg, and eventually France
• France fell in June 1940
• French Gen. Charles de Gaulle fled to London and
  set up a government-in-exile

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Hitler Attacks Britain

• P.M. Winston Churchill declared that England
  would never surrender
• Germanys effort began with bombing campaigns
  first airfields factories, then civilian
  sections of cities
• Britain had radar and a code-making machine
  called the Enigma
• The Battle of Britain continued to June 1941
  until Hitler decided to put resources elsewhere

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Hitler invades the Soviet Union

• June 22, 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union
• Desire lebensraum (living space)
• 5 million-man Russian Army not equipped nor
  prepared for Hitler
• Germans moved 500 miles into Russia who simply
  retreated and burned

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The Lend-Lease Act

• Before U.S. is in war, FDR wanted to help the
  Allies in Europe (especially England)
• Wanted the U.S. to be the great arsenal of
  democracy
• U.S. lends weapons equipment worth 50 billion

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Great Britain United States Netherlands France
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Problems in the Pacific

• Japan dreamed of a vast Asia-Pacific Empire
• 1941 European powers distracted
• Japan was in need of raw materials
• took Manchuria in 31
• French Indochina in Aug 41
• The U.S. cut off oil shipments to Japan to punish
  their aggression
• Only obstacle for Japan dominating region U.S.
  Navy in Pacific.
• War seemed imminent. But Where? When?

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The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Massive air assault / Pacific Fleet badly damaged
• 2,400 Americans killed / 18 ships
• FDR A date which will live in infamy
• America officially enters war

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U.S.S. Arizona
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Americas Response

• President Roosevelt asks Congress to Declare War
  on Japan
• Famous speech FDR declares that December 7,
  1941 is a day which will live in infamy
• Watch clip