The Global Positioning System: Policy, Program Status and International Activities

1
The Global Positioning System Policy, Program
Status and International Activities
15th Korean Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) Workshop Busan, Republic of
Korea October 30-31, 2008
Ray E. Clore Senior Advisor for GPS-Galileo
Issues Office of Space and Advanced
Technology U.S. Department of State
2
Overview

• U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation and
  Timing (PNT) Policy
• GPS Program Status and Modernization
• GPS Augmentations Status
• U.S. International Activities

3
2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy

• Provide GPS and augmentations free of direct user
  fees on a continuous, worldwide basis
• Provide open, free access to information needed
  to develop equipment
• Improve performance of GPS and augmentations to
  meet or exceed that of international systems

• Encourage international development of PNT
  systems based on GPS
• Seek to ensure international systems are
  interoperable with civil GPS and augmentations
• Address mutual security concerns with
  international providers to prevent hostile use

4
2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy

• Recognizes the changing international scene
• Other nations are implementing space-based
  systems that provide PNT services
• National Executive Committee (EXCOM) for
  Space-Based PNT
• Chaired by Deputy Secretaries of Defense and
  Transportation
• Membership includes State, Interior,
  Agriculture, Commerce, Homeland Security, Joint
  Chiefs of Staff and NASA
• National Coordination Office (NCO)
• Established with staff from member agencies
• National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board

5
Overview

• U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation and
  Timing (PNT) Policy
• GPS Program Status and Modernization
• GPS Augmentations Status
• U.S. International Activities

6
Current Constellation
29 Operational Satellites (Nominal
Constellation 24)

• 11 Block IIA satellites operational
• 12 Block IIR satellites operational
• 6 Block IIR-M satellites operational
• Transmitting new second civil signal (L2C)
• 2 Block IIR-M satellites remain to be launched
• Continuously assessing constellation health to
  determine launch need
• Next IIR-M launch planned for early 2009
• First IIF projected for launch mid 2009
• Global GPS civil service performance commitment
  met continuously since 1993

7
Current GPS Accuracy

• Signal-In-Space (SIS) User Range Error (URE)
  0.92 m RMS
• User Position Error (maximum) 4 8 meters
• User Position Error (observed) 2 4 meters

Signal-in-Space User Range Error (SIS URE) the
difference between a GPS satellites navigation
data (position and clock) and the truth,
projected on the line-of-sight to the user
8
GPS Modernization

• System-wide improvements in
• Accuracy
• Availability
• Integrity
• Reliability
• Backward compatibility
• Robustness against interference
• Improved indoor, mobile, and urban use
• Interoperability with other space-based PNT
  systems

9
Modernized GPS Civil Signals

• Second civil signal (L2C) starts with GPS Block
  IIR-M
• Designed to meet commercial needs
• Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction
• Higher effective power and improved data
  structure reduce interference
• Speed up signal acquisition and enable
  miniaturization of receivers
• First Launch Sep 2006 expect 24 satellites
  2016
• Third civil signal (L5) starts with GPS Block
  IIF
• Designed to meet requirements for transportation
  safety-of-life (aviation)
• Highly protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation
  Service (ARNS) band
• First launch 2009 24 satellites 2018
• Fourth civil signal (L1C) starts with GPS Block
  III
• Designed with international partners to enable
  GNSS interoperability
• First launch 2014 24 satellites 2021

10
Recent GPS Program Accomplishments

• Completed GPS Architecture Evolution Plan (AEP)
• Transitioned to new GPS Ground Control Segment
  Sept. 2007
• Activated fully capable backup GPS Operations
  Center at VAFB, CA
• Announced GPS III without Selective Availability
  Sept 2007
• Awarded GPS OCX Development Contracts -Nov 2007
• ICAO accepted updated U.S. offer on GPS/SPS and
  WAAS
• Launched two GPS-IIR(M) satellites (Dec 07/Mar
  08)
• Awarded GPS IIIA Contract - May 2008

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Overview

• U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation and
  Timing (PNT) Policy
• GPS Program Status and Modernization
• GPS Augmentations Status
• U.S. International Activities

12
WAAS Architecture
38 Reference Stations
3 Master Stations
4 Ground Earth Stations
2 Geostationary Satellite Links
2 Operational Control Centers
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Geostationary Satellites (GEO)
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WAAS Avionics Status

• General Aviation
• Over 37,000 Units Sold
• Increasing at 1000 Units Per Month
• New Products Coming to Market in Late 2008
• Business Regional Aircraft
• Over 500 Units Sold Since 2007
• Two Additional Products Coming to Market in Late
  2008
• Cessna CJs Delivering with WAAS Avionics in 2009
• Acceptance Rates Should Increase Significantly in
  2009
• Air Carrier Cargo Aircraft
• Southwest Airlines Equipping 200 Boeing 737s
• Federal Express Has Equipped 253 Caravan Aircraft
• Horizon Airlines Equipping 48 Bombardier Aircraft
• Helicopter Aircraft Implementing WAAS
• Significant Growth Projected for First Responders
  
• WAAS Avionics are Interoperable with Other SBASs

15
WAAS Approach Procedures - Projected to
Exceed Legacy Systems, eg. ILS By Sep 2008 -

• September 2008
• 1,333 WAAS LPV Approach Procedures
• 783 at non-ILS runways
• 329 at non-ILS airports

WAAS Procedures to be Published to All
Instrument Runways in the NAS by
2018
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Future WAAS Considerations

• GNSS Modernization
• GPS Dual Frequency (L1/L5) Service Provides
  Foundation
• Potential for Larger GNSS or Use of Multiple GNSS
  Constellations
• User Equipment Standards Development for New
  Signals
• WAAS Dual Frequency Upgrade
• Determine Appropriate Level of Dual Frequency
  Integration Required to Maximize Benefit With
  Minimum Impact
• Established GNSS Evolutionary Architecture Study
  (GEAS) to Investigate Long Range Planning for
  Dual Frequency GPS
• Develop Architectural Alternatives to Provide
  Worldwide LPV-200 Service in the 2020-2030
  Timeframe
• Leverage Lessons Learned on WAAS/LAAS to Identify
  the Best Architecture Alternative to Meet
  Aviation Integrity Requirements

17
National Differential GPS

• Operated/managed by USCG/NAVCEN as a joint system
  with Maritime DGPS
• Extension of Maritime DGPS
• Corrections broadcast at 285 and 325 kHz using
  Minimum shift Keying (MSK) modulation
• Real-time differential GPS corrections provided
  in Radio Technical Commission for Maritime
  Services (RTCM) SC-104 format
• No data encryption
• Real-time differential corrections for
  terrestrial mobile and static applications
• Single coverage on the ground over 92 of CONUS
  double coverage over 65 of CONUS

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National Differential GPS (2)

• Accuracy lt 1 meter at broadcast site
• Degrades at an approximate rate of 1 meter for
  each 150 km distance from site
• Typical user equipment achieves 1-2 meter
  horizontal accuracies throughout the coverage
  area, in real time
• High-end user equipment achieves accuracies
  better than 1 meter, real time
• Availability 99
• Integrity alarm within 6 seconds site monitors
• Fix rate 1-20 per second, three dimensional

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National Differential GPS (3)ed DGPS Coverage
Today
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NDGPS Highway Applications

• Surveys Land, roads, hydrological and
  environmental location, and management and
  maintenance
• Inventory and asset management Infrastructure
  asset location, assessment, management,
  maintenance and protection
• Utilities Location, management, and maintenance
• Roadside management Precision application of
  pesticides, runoff minimization, avoidance of
  protected species, roadside features (condition
  and location)
• Law Enforcement Incident location and
  reporting, emergency response

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NDGPS Applications

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requires two meter
  accuracy to position dredges

22
NDGPS Monitoring of Space Weather

• NOAAs Space Weather Prediction Center uses
  M/NDGPS data to map the spatial distribution of
  free electrons in the ionosphere, once every 15
  minutes

• and delays the arrival of GS The distribution of
  free electrons in the ionosphere affects HF radio
  communication and delays the arrival of GPS
  signals that is interpreted as position errors,
  which can be as large as 100 meters in extreme
  cases.trge as 100 meters in extreme cases

23
National Continuously Operating Reference
Stations (CORS)

• Managed by NOAA
• 1,200 sites
• 200 public, private, academic organizations
• Provides highly accurate, 3-D positioning
• Centimeter-level precision
• Tied to National Spatial Reference System

• Uses include land management, coastal monitoring,
  civil engineering, boundary determination,
  mapping, geographical information systems,
  geophysical and infrastructure monitoring, and
  future improvements to weather prediction and
  climate monitoring

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Overview

• U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation and
  Timing (PNT) Policy
• GPS Program Status and Modernization
• GPS Augmentations Status
• U.S. International Activities

25
2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy(Excerpts
focused on International Relations)

• Goals
• U.S. space-based PNT systems and services remain
  essential components of internationally accepted
  PNT services
• Promote U.S. technological leadership in
  applications involving space-based PNT services
• To achieve this, the United States Government
  shall
• Encourage foreign development of PNT
  services/systems based on GPS
• Seek to ensure foreign space-based PNT systems
  are interoperable with civil GPS and
  augmentations
• At a minimum, ensure compatibility
• The Secretary of State shall
• Promote the use of civil aspects of GPS and its
  augmentation services and standards with foreign
  governments and other international organizations
  
• Lead negotiations with foreign governments and
  international organizations regarding civil PNT
  matters

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Planned GNSS

• Global Constellations
• GPS (24)
• GLONASS (24)
• Galileo (27)
• Compass (35)
• Regional Constellations
• QZSS (3)
• IRNSS (7)

• Satellite-Based Augmentations
• WAAS (3)
• MSAS (2)
• EGNOS (3)
• GAGAN (3)
• SDCM (2?)

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U.S. Objectives in Working with Other GNSS
Service Providers

• Ensure compatibility ? ability of U.S. and
  non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used
  separately or together without interfering with
  each individual service or signal
• Radio frequency compatibility
• Spectral separation between M-code and other
  signals
• Achieve interoperability ability of civil U.S.
  and non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used
  together to provide the user better capabilities
  than would be achieved by relying solely on one
  service or signal
• Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals
• Ensure a level playing field in the global
  marketplace

Pursue through Bi-lateral and Multi-lateral
Cooperation
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The Goal of RNSS Civil Interoperability

• Ideal interoperability allows navigation with one
  signal each from four or more systems with no
  additional receiver cost or complexity

Interoperable Better Together than Separate
29
U.S. - Europe Cooperation

• U.S.-EU agreement signed in 2004 provides solid
  foundation for cooperation
• Four working groups were set up under the
  agreement
• Technical, trade, and security issues working
  groups have met
• Improved new civil
• signal (MBOC) adopted
• in July 2007
• First Plenary Meeting
• in October 2008

June 26, 2004, press conference at U.S.-EU Summit
in Ireland (U.S. Sec. of State Colin Powell,
Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen, EU
Vice-President Loyola De Palacio)
30
U.S. - Russian Federation Cooperation

• U.S.- Russia Joint Statement issued in December
  2004
• Negotiations for a U.S.-Russia Agreement on
  satellite navigation cooperation have been
  underway since late 2005
• Several very productive technical working group
  meetings have been held
• Russia WG-1 chair proposed adopting two new civil
  CDMA signals at L1, L5 to be interoperable with
  GPS
• Still under discussion within the Russian
  Government
• Next WG-1 meeting is planned for December 2008

31
U.S. - Japan Cooperation

• Japans status as a world leader in GPS
  applications and user equipment makes it an
  important partner
• Regular policy consultations and technical
  meetings on GPS cooperation began in 1996 and led
  to the 1998 Clinton-Obuchi Joint Statement
• Both countries have benefited from the close
  relationship
• QZSS is designed to be compatible and
  interoperable with GPS
• U.S. working with Japan to set up QZSS monitoring
  stations in Hawaii and Guam
• Next plenary meeting is planned in Nov. 2008

32
U.S. - India Cooperation

• Policy and technical consultations on GPS
  cooperation underway since 2005
• One aim is to ensure interoperability between GPS
  augmentation system WAAS and Indias planned
  GAGAN augmentation system based on GPS
• Another important topic is ionospheric distortion
  and solutions
• U.S.-India Joint Statement on GNSS Cooperation
  issued in February 2007 in Washington
• Bi-lateral meeting held in Bangalore in September
  2007
• Technical Meeting focused on GPS-IRNSS
  compatibility and interoperability held in
  January and July 2008

33
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation GNSS
Implementation Team (GIT)

• Promote implementation of regional GNSS
  augmentation systems to enhance inter-modal
  transportation and recommend actions to be
  considered in the Asia Pacific Region
• Reports to Transportation Working Group (TPT-WG)
  through the Inter-modal Experts Group (IEG)

34
APEC GNSS recent activities

• Thailand with the support of AEROTHAI hosted a
  GNSS Technological Innovation Summit in May 2008
• Completed the successful 1 million GNSS test bed
  project, located in Bangkok and funded by the
  U.S. Trade and Development Administration and
  supported by the U.S. FAA
• Updated the Terms of Reference to take account of
  environmental benefits
• Achieved consensus on a project proposal to
  survey and assess current applications for
  surface transportation utilizing GNSS
• Adopted a Program of Action

35
APEC TPT-WG Outcome

• The GNSS Implementation Team (GIT) reported to
  the Inter-modal Experts Group (IEG).
• The IEG was impressed with the GNSS Technological
  Innovation Summit and the GIT 12 Outcomes and
  forwarded project proposal to APEC.
• GIT contributed to the deliberations in all four
  working groups (Inter-modal, Maritime Safety,
  Maritime Experts and Aviation).
• Interest expressed in learning more about GNSS in
  the Plenary and in the maritime safety group at
  the next APEC Transportation Working Group.

36
International Committee on Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (ICG)?

• Emerged from 3rd UN Conference on the Exploration
  and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space July 1999
• Promote the use of GNSS and its integration into
  infrastructures, particularly in developing
  countries
• Encourage compatibility and interoperability
  among global and regional systems
• Members include
• GNSS providers (U.S., EU, Russia, China, India,
  Japan)
• Other Member States of the United Nations
• International organizations/associations

37
International Committee on Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)

• ICG-2 held in September, 2007 in India
• Established Providers Forum to address common
  issues
• Began implementation of the ICG Work Plan within
  established working groups
• A. Interoperability and compatibility
• B. Enhancement of performance of GNSS services
• C. Information dissemination, education, outreach
  coordination
• D. Interaction with monitoring reference
  station network organizations
• U.S. will host the 3rd ICG in December 2008
• http//www.geolinks.org/ICG3/

38
ICG Providers Forum

• Six space segment providers listed previously are
  members
• Purpose
• Focused discussions on compatibility and
  interoperability, encouraging development of
  complimentary systems
• Exchange of detailed information on systems and
  service provision plans
• Exchange views on ICG work plan and activities
• Consensus reached at the first meeting on general
  definitions for compatibility and
  interoperability
• Including spectral separation between each
  systems authorized service signals and other
  systems signals

http//www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/gnss/icg.html
39
Summary

• As new space-based GNSS are emerging globally,
  interoperability is the key to success for all
• U.S. is actively engaged in bi-lateral, regional,
  and multi-lateral cooperation on space-based
  navigation issues
• International cooperation in the context of
  National Space-Based PNT Policy principles is a
  top priority for the U.S. Government

40
Contact Information

• Ray E. Clore
• Senior Advisor for GPS-Galileo issues
• Office of Space and Advanced Technology
• U.S. Department of State
• 1990 K Street NW, Suite 410
• Washington, D.C. 20006
• 202-663-2394 (office)
• clorere_at_state.gov
• http//www.state.gov/g/oes/sat/