The Cold War Foreign

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The Cold WarForeign Domestic

• 1945- Present

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Foreign Policy
• Expanded NATO to include West Germany (1955)
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)
• Central Treaty Organization (1959)
• Arms limitation
• Open Skies proposal, 1955
• Khrushchev

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Focus of Cold War shifted to Third WorldUse of
CIA covert action around the world

• Latin America
• Talked of supporting democracy
• Regularly supported dictatorial regimes so long
  as they accepted U.S. investment
• Caused resentment among Latin Americans
• Over throw of Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954
• Arbenz was popularly elected, then nationalized
  the land
• United Fruit Company and the Dulles brothers
• Cuba situation demonstrated anti-American
  sentiment
• Egypt
• Rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Call for Arab nationalism and positive
  neutralism
• Nationalization of Suez Canal, 1956
• Caused U.S. rift with Britain
• Loss of U.S. prestige and Power in Middle east

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Focus of Cold War shifted to Third WorldUse of
CIA covert action around the world

• Middle East
• Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
• Defense of Middle Eastern countries against
  international communism
• Followed up with intervention in Lebanon and
  Jordan
• Overthrow of Mossadeq in Iran, placing Reza Shah
  Pahlavi
• Vietnam
• Drive for independence under way after World War
  II
• French decided to withdraw in 1954 Dien Bien
  Phu
• Geneva Peace Accords
• Temporary division in North and South Vietnam
• Eventual elections for reunification
• Administration belief in domino theory
• Provided aid to government in south Vietnam
• Feared the loss of another Asian nation to
  communism

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The Fight Against Discrimination

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
• School segregation violated constitutional
  guarantee of equal protection under the law
• Implied that all segregated public facilities
  were unconstitutional
• Race could no longer be treated as simply a
  regional issue
• South becoming more like rest of the country
• Racial composition of rest of country becoming
  more like South
• Segregationists promised massive resistance to
  Brown
• Violence, vigilantism, terror became rampant
• Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56

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The Fight Against Discrimination (cont.)

• Vaulted Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. into
  national prominence
• Spurred creation of Southern Christian Leadership
  Conference
• Civil Rights Act of 1957
• procedure to expedite lawsuits by African
  Americans who claimed their voting rights had
  been violated
• Created permanent Civil Rights Commission to hear
  complaints
• Politics of civil rights
• Southern Democrats in Congress tried to block
  real action on civil rights
• Southern states defied Brown order on school
  desegregation
• Eisenhower forced to act in Little Rock crisis,
  1957

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John F. KennedyForeign Policy

• Dramatic Initiatives
• Peace Corps
• Alliance for Progress
• Cuba
• Bay of Pigs, April 1961
• Operation Mongoose- CIA plan to overthrow Castro
  in Cuba
• Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
• Berlin
• Berlin Wall constructed, August 1961
• Southeast Asia
• Goal to build South Vietnam into a viable
  non-Communist state
• Test case for flexible response
• Coup against Ngo Dinh Diem, November 1963

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Kennedy in Iraq

• In 1963, the Kennedy administration backed a coup
  against the government of Iraq headed by General
  Abdel Karim Kassem, who five years earlier had
  deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The
  CIA helped the new Baath Party government led by
  Abdul Salam Arif in ridding the country of
  suspected leftists and Communists. In a Baathist
  bloodbath, the government used lists of suspected
  Communists and other leftists provided by the
  CIA, to systematically murder untold numbers of
  Iraq's educated elite killings in which Saddam
  Hussein himself is said to have participated.

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Kennedys Domestic Policy

• General policymaking goals
• Tax cuts for everyone, special cuts for
  corporations
• Higher minimum wage and urban renewal
• Crusade against organized crime (Robert Kennedy)
• Civil Rights
• Concerned about Southern conservatives
• Initially, did nothing on civil rights front
• Sit-in movement, early 1960
• Freedom rides, 1961
• Forced to send marshals to protect riders
• Universities of Mississippi and Alabama
• Forced to intervene to protect black students
• Executive order banning segregation in public
  housing, November 1952

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Kennedys Domestic Policy (cont.)

• Moderate civil rights bill, February 1963
• Called to action by violence in Birmingham,
  Spring of 1963
• Support for stronger civil rights bill
• March on Washington, August 1963
• Womens issues
• Presidential Commission on the Status of women
• Documented discrimination in employment
  opportunities and wages
• Equal Pay Act of 1963

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LBJs Foreign Policy

• Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• Stemmed from confusing events in August, 1964
• Became justification for concerted U.S.
  involvement
• Resolution in Congress
• All necessary measures to repel armed attack
• Johnson used as tantamount to congressional
  declaration of war
• Debate over extent of American involvement within
  administration

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LBJs Domestic Policy

• Civil Rights
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• Prohibited racial discrimination in public
  accommodations associated with interstate
  commerce
• Mississippi Freedom Summer
• Freedom Democratic Party

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Great Society

• Fulfillment of dreams of Johnsons Democratic
  predecessors
• Medical care for the elderly and low-income
  citizens (Medicare and Medicaid)
• Created Department of Housing and Urban
  development
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Heartened Johnsons supporters and appalled his
  critics
• Goal was to help people fight their own way out
  of economic distress

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Evaluating the Great society

• Rekindled debates about proper role of national
  government
• Raised expectations that could not be met
• Conservatives have been unrelentingly critical
• Leftists lamented failure to challenge the
  prevailing distribution of political power and
  wealth in order to reduce poverty
• Agreement that Great Society left its mark
• First significant outlay of federal dollars for
  social programs since New Deal
• Significantly expanded reach of welfare state

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From Civil Rights to Black Power

• Watts riots, 1965
• Malcolm X and Black Power
• Initially affiliated with Nation of Islam
• Integration was unworkable
• Self-defense By any means necessary
• Renewed pride in African-American heritage
• Vigorous efforts at community reconstruction
• Organized Organization of Afro-American Unity
  after breaking with Nation of Islam
• Murdered in 1965 by enemies of Nation of Islam
• Black Panthers
• Criticized slow pace of civil rights litigation
• Preached confrontation and self-defense
• Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Fair housing provision watered down to protect
  landlords and real estate agents
• Federal offense to cross state lines in order to
  incite a riot
• Directly aimed at Black Panthers

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Richard Millhouse Nixon

• Nixons Economic Program
• Two decades of economic growth came to an end
  during Nixon presidency
• Inherited high levels of domestic spending, and
  expensive war in Vietnam, and the deteriorating,
  but still favorable balance of trade
• Soaring unemployment and price inflation
• What economists came to call stagflation
• Nation ran its first trade deficit of the
  twentieth century in 1971
• New Economy policy
• 90 day freeze on wages and prices
• Subsequent government monitoring to detect
  excessive increases in either

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Nixons Social Policy

• Family Assistance Plan
• Abolish other welfare programs, including AFDC
• Institute a guaranteed annual income for all
  families
• End Post-New Deal system of aid to those in
  particular circumstances
• Provide aid to everyone
• Not implemented
• New federalism plan to return federal tax money
  to the states in the form of black grants with
  virtually no restrictions
• Supplementary Social Security Insurance for the
  elderly, blind, and disabled
• Gradual expansion of Medicare and Medicaid
• Social Security payments indexed to inflation in
  1972

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Foreign Policy Under Nixon

• Key Advisor was Henry Kissinger, national
  security advisor
• Détente as major foreign policy goal
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviet Union
• Opening toward China
• Vietamization
• Withdrawal of U.S. troops
• Stepping up of air war and intensifying
  diplomatic efforts to reach settlement
• Nixon Doctrine
• U.s. Military assistance to anticommunist
  government in Asia
• Nations left to provide their own military forces

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Foreign Policy Under Nixon (cont.)

• Withdraw U.S. troops but not accept compromise or
  defeat
• Adhered to bombing halt over North
• New operations in South
• Incursion into neutral Cambodia
• Spurred opposition at home
• Kent State and Jackson State
• Contributed top rise of Khmer Rouge

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End of U.S. involvement in Vietnam

• Secret war protected in Laos and Cambodia after
  1970
• Peace talks in Paris proceeded as war was
  actually expanding
• Communists within 30 miles of Saigon in the
  Spring of 1972
• Nixon responded with resumption of bombing and
  mining of harbors in North
• Cease-fire announced weeks before 1972 election
• After election, U.S. firepower increased
  dramatically
• Christmas bombing
• Paris Peace Accords, 1973
• Withdrawal of U.S. troops
• South Vietnamese discontinued to fight
• Collapsed in April 1973

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Watergate

• Caused collapse of Nixons presidency stemmed
  from Nixons deep mistrust for nearly everyone
  in Washington
• Established plumbers unit to protect
  administration from enemies
• Funded by illegal campaign contributions
• Broke into Democratic Partys headquarters during
  1972 re-election campaign
• Irony is that Nixon won election handily and
  didnt need to resort to dirty tricks to win
• Administration was involved but denied it and
  instituted cover up instead
• The press, Congress, and the federal judiciary,
  all began searching for the truth
• Eventually bits of the truth began trickling out,
  and Nixon was implicated in both the original
  break in and in the cover up

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Watergate (cont.)

• Nixon continued to deny involvement, even after
  discovery of a secret White House taping system
  that could implicate him if the tapes were
  surrendered to the courts
• Supreme Court ruled unanimously in U.S.v. Nixon
  that he had to give them up
• House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of
  impeachment
• Obstruction of Justice, violation of
  constitutional liberties, refusal to produce
  evidenced requested during the impeachment
  process
• In the end, Nixon chose to resign rather than
  face trial by the senate
• Left office in disgrace on August 9, 1974,
  succeeded by Gerald Ford
• Received an unconditional pardon by Ford
• Public knowledge and understanding of Watergate
  not high today

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Jimmy Carter

• Social Activism Womens Issues
• Old ideas of domesticity clashed with realities
  women found themselves in
• Gender issues came to pervade civil rights and
  antiwar movements
• Women often found traditional sexism among male
  leaders
• Consciousness raising sessions during 1970s
• Intertwining of political and personal power
  issues
• Womens movement became highly diverse
• Pursued variety of goals
• Utilized variety of strategies

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Social Activism Sexual Politics

• Gender/sexuality debates divided over issues
  involving gays and lesbians
• Stonewall Inn, 1969
• Turning point for gay rights movement
• AIDS crisis
• Medical and political issue
• Early research was insignificant
• Gays in the military controversy, 1992
• Dont ask, dont tell policy

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Carters Domestic Policy

• Welfare initiatives
• Requested additional cash assistance and more
  jobs for the needy
• Failed to win congressional approval
• Energy initiatives
• Ambitious energy program, pursued unilaterally
• Decrease reliance on foreign oil and natural gas
• Expand domestic energy production
• Discourage gasoline use through new taxes
• Encourage energy-saving measures to foster
  conservatism
• Promote non-Petroleum energy sources
• Congress rejected
• Economic initiatives
• Ambitious economic agenda
• Lower unemployment and inflation
• Stimulate greater economic growth
• Balance federal budget
• Failed to accomplish any of his goals
• Economic crisis affected cities and urban areas
  as well

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Jimmy Carters Foreign Policies

• Amnesty for Vietnam War draft resisters
• Panama Canal treaties
• Camp David peace accords
• Concern for human rights
• Best known feature of Carters foreign policy
• Helped to trigger trend toward democratization in
  1980s and 1990s
• Immediate impact was ambiguous
• Crisis in Iran, November 1979
• Hostage situation at U.S. Embassy in Tehran
• Despite constant attention, Carter unable to
  resolve the situation
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979
• Series of ineffectual, non-Military responses

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The New Right

• Neo-Conservatives and new conservative
  institutions
• American Enterprise Institute
• Heritage Foundation
• Committee on the Present Danger
• The New Religious Right
• Fundamentalist and evangelical support
• The Conservative political agenda
• National Conservative Political Action committee
  (NCPAC)
• Conservative caucus
• Committee for the Survival of a Free Congress
• Moral Majority
• The New Religious Right and the media
• Cable television reached huge,receptive audiences

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Ronald Reagans Domestic Policy

• Pursuing supply-side economics
• Justified tax cuts for wealthy by saying they
  would stimulate growth
• Period of non-inflationary growth, 1982-1986
• Unemployment remained high
• High government spending resulted huge federal
  deficits
• Borrowed abroad and piled up largest foreign debt
  in the world
• Economic benefits unevenly distributed throughout
  society
• Underclass especially hurt

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Regans Foreign Policy

• Renewed Cold War
• Dramatic increased in defense spending
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or Star Wars
• International Offensive abroad
• Funded various conservative groups abroad
• Radio Mart to Cuba
• CIA activities
• Aid to anti-Communist forces in Afghanistan
• Funding for contras in Nicaragua
• General funding for opposition movements in
  countries aligned with the soviet Union
• Willingness to use U.S. Military power
• Lebanon, 1982
• Grenada, 1983

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Iran-Contra Affair

• U.S. aid for contras blocked by
  Democratic-controlled Congress in 1984- Bolland
  Amendment
• Circumvent by having wealthy conservatives and
  other countries provide aid
• Against backdrop of violence and kidnappings of
  Americans and other westerners in Middle East
• Administration sold arms to Iran in exchange for
  help in winning release of captives
• Flew in face of stated policy of not rewarding
  captors
• Then funneled profits to contras as way of
  getting around congressional ban
• Caused public outcry and violation of Bolland
  Amendment
• Investigators unable to paint as serious
  constitutional crisis
• Oliver North

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US Soviet Relations

• Thaw in U.S. Soviet relations after 1985
• Role of Mikhail Gorbachev
• Glasnost and perestroika
• Loosened Moscows grip on Soviet Empire
• Reykjavik summit, October 1986
• Reagan plan for wholesale ban on nuclear weapons
• SALT II not ratified

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George HW BushPersian Gulf War

• Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, August 1990
• Operation Desert Shield
• UN action against Iraq
• Launched military offensive in January 1991
• Stopped short of removing Saddam Hussein,
  something the UN had not authorized
• Temporarily boosted Bushs popularity
• Administration not very successful in setting
  post-Cold war diplomatic goals
• Mixed foreign policy legacy

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End of Cold War

• Began in Poland in 1989
• One by one, nations of Eastern Europe overthrew
  their Communist governments
• Provinces that comprised the Soviet Union also
  declared independence
• Global economy
• Administration pushed for economic liberalization
• Redefinition of national Security
• Help to bring democracy to Nicaragua, El
  Salvador, Guatemala
• Overthrow of Manuel Noriega in Panama, December
  19989