Title: The Cold War 1945-1991
1The Cold War 1945-1991
By Ms. Joseph
2Cold War
- Competition and tension between the
- US and USSR for power and influence
- in the world without any direct fighting
- Competitions
- Politics Democracy vs. Communism
(Totalitarianism) - Economics Capitalism vs. Communism or Mixed
Economy vs. Command Economy - Technology
- Arms Race (weapons military)
- Space Race
- Influence among 3rd World Nations
- Military Alliances NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
3Weapons of the Cold War
- Threat of Nuclear Attack
- Propaganda
- Sending Economic and Military Aid to Weaker
Nations
4Different Values
- USA
- Democracy
- Freedom
- Capitalism
- Individualism
- USSR
- Totalitarianism
- Equality
- Socialism
- Collectivism
USA rules, USSR drools
We are the Best, better than The West
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6Roots of the Cold War
- WWI
- Russia gets out early, US entry helps win the war
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- Russians lose 1/3 of their territory
- Russian Revolution
- U.S. doesnt recognize Russian govt. until 1933
- West aids White Army
- Treaty of Versailles
- Russia not invited
- Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia granted
independence - WWII
- Stalin signs Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
- Stalin pleas for help on eastern front denied
- Russian losses at 29M, US only 400,000
- US refuses to give Russia nuclear technology
- US drops bomb to avoid giving Russia more
territory - WWII Agreements Yalta and Potsdam
7YALTA (in the USSR) Date Feb 1945 Present
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
8Yalta
- Creation of United Nations
- Division of Germany
- Russian agree to help defeat Japan in exchange
for land - Stalin agrees to free elections in occupied
territories
9POTSDAM (Germany) Date July 1945 Present
Churchill, Truman and Stalin
10Potsdam
- Stalin has refused free elections, instead
installed communist governments in occupied
territories. - US has the A-bomb and are anxious to restrict
Russia - Finalize agreement to divide Germany and Berlin
11Cold War Foreign Policies
- US
- Truman Doctrine
- Containment
- Marshall Plan
- NATO
- United Nations
- USSR
- Soviet Satellites Iron Curtain
- Molotov Plan
- Warsaw Pact
- United Nations
12Truman Doctrine
- CAUSE - Greece and Turkey threatened with
communist takeovers - 1947 Truman promised that the USA would support
free peoples who are resisting subjugation by
armed minorities or by outside pressures. - US Foreign Policy - provide money and military
aid to nations resisting communist takeovers - Greece and Turkey, received 400M first and
successfully defeated communism - Italy received to secure upcoming elections.
France received aid to prevent the advance of
Communist trade unions - It signalled the end of isolationst policies.
13Containment
- Containment US Foreign Policy to keep communism
within its existing borders - Places were Containment Policy was used
- Greece
- Turkey
- South Korea
- Berlin
- Vietnam
14Marshall Plan
- Marshall Plan - money to help rebuild European
economies after WWII - Purpose Prevent spread of communism by
eliminating the conditions that encourage
communism - Catch - had to be spent on products made in the
US - USSR - rejected the Marshall Plan thinking it was
a plan to boost the US economy and make countries
dependent on US
15United Nations
- Purpose - International Organization established
- after WWII to maintain international peace
- Organization 6 main groups
- Security Council
- resolves disputes, maintains peace and security
- 15 members, 5 permanent
- Russia, China, US, France, Great Britain
- General Assembly
- Representatives from all member nations
- Makes policies
- Secretariat executive and administrative duties
- Economic and Social Council provides economic
assistance and programs to 3rd world nations - International Council oversees transition to
colonial rule - World Court resolves international disputes,
war crimes
16United Nations
- Problems - Between 1945-1949 US and USSR vetoed
each other initiatives. Many were concerned that
the UN might become another LON - 1950 USSR boycotted UN over failure to
recognize Communist China - enabled the US to take action in Korea
- UN resolution to sends troops to aid South Korea
against a North Korean invasion ensured that the
UN could send troops to resolve international
disputes
17Iron Curtain
- From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the
continent - -Winton Churchill
- Soviet Satellites - Soviet controlled countries
in Eastern Europe (aka countries behind the iron
curtain) - Purpose protect USSR from invasion from the West
18Molotov Plan
- USSRs plan to counter the Marshall Plan a.k.a
COMCON - Eastern European countries under Soviet influence
received some aid
19Soviet Union Tests Bomb
- 1949 Soviets Test first Atomic Bomb
- US and West react with fear and despair
- Arms Race Begins
20NATO and Warsaw Pact
- NATO
- Military Alliance between the US and western
Europe - An attack against one nation would be considered
an attack against all
- Warsaw Pact
- Military Alliance between the USSR and Eastern
Europe - Pledge to defend one another in the event of an
attack
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22Cold War Events Tension and Conflict
- Berlin
- Airlift
- Wall
- U2 Spy Plane
- Cuba
- Korea
- Vietnam
23Divided Germany
- Germany had been divided into 4 sectors after
WWII - Allies remain in these territories and implement
their own economies/political systems - Allies had different goals for Germany
- USSR - prevent Germany from becoming too strong
again - Western Allies - make Germany economically strong
to avoid Communism
24Iron Curtain A term used by Winston Churchill
to describe the separating of Those
communist lands of East Europe from the West.
Divided Germany
25Improve your knowledge
Divided Berlin
- The Russians took very high casualties to capture
Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early
occupation trying to take over all zones of the
city but were stopped by German democrats such as
Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
Russians had to admit the Americans, French and
British to their respective zones.
26Berlin Blockade
- CAUSES
- Western Allies attempt to unite the Western
Sectors of Germany and Berlin and form an
independent West Germany with a common currency - Stalin responds with attempt to take over all of
Berlin - Berlin Blockade 1948 Stalin tries to starve the
city to force the west out of West Berlin - USSR cut off all ground access to Berlin, leaving
2M West Berliners without food, electricity and
fuel
27Berlin Blockade
- You are President TrumanWhat would you have done
to save West Berlin? - What are the pros and cons to each alternative?
28Trumans Choices
- Use military force to gain ground access to West
Berlin - Give up West Berlin to Soviets
- Is there another?
- Airlift Food and Supplies
29Berlin Airlift
- Purpose to prevent the takeover of West Berlin
by the USSR - US sent 2M tons of supplies to West Berlin on
Cargo Plans - Plans landed 24hrs/day to keep west Berliners
from starving
30Operation Little Vittles
- US pilots drop candy to the children of West
Berlin using parachutes made of handkerchiefs
31Extended Thinking
- What did the Berlin Airlift do for the
relationship between the U.S. and German people? - What did the Berlin Airlift do for Stalin?
- In what ways did President Trumans airlift
support the policy of containment? - As you view the film, make note of the end result
of the airlift? What happened to the west and
east sectors of Germany?
32Berlin Airlift
33Effects of Berlin Blockade
- Success for Containment
- Germany became 2 countries East and West
Germany - Berlin became permanently divided
- US appeared as friend rather than foe to West
Germans - USSR/Stalin - appeared oppressive and brutal
34U2 Spy Plane Incident
- May 1, 1960
- US U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union.
- Khrushchev demanded an apology - Eisenhower
refused. - Pilot Gary Powers - Convicted of espionage and
sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and 7 years of
hard labor. - Served 1 year 9 months and 9 days before being
traded for the Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph
Ivanovich Abel. - Effect- Created further mistrust between US and
USSR
35Berlin Wall
36Berlin Wall
- Constructed in 1961
- Purpose - keep East Berliners from defecting to
West Berlin - Effects East Berliners
- separated from families
- and jobs, exodus ended
37Cuba
- Cuban Revolution 1956
- Castro overthrows President Batista
- Establishes Communist Government in Cuba
- Nationalizes all industries
- Many owned by U.S. citizens
38US Response to Cuban Revolution
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- CIA plan to Overthrow Castro
- Sent Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba
- Kennedy cancelled US air support
- Invasion Failed
- Operation Mongoose
- CIA plan to assassinate Castro and interrupt
Cuban Trade
39Cuban Missile Crisis
- Cuban reaction to US attempts to overthrow Castro
- Turn to USSR for Help
- Soviets begin building nuclear weapon sites in
Cuba - October 1962 US U2 Spy Plane Photographs
Missile launch sites under construction in Cuba
40 Missile Range
- Missiles could reach
- every major city in US
- (except Seattle) within
- minutes of launch
41Cuban Missile CrisisOct 16-28, 1962
- Causes
- Reaction to US attempts to invade Cuba and
overthrow Fidel Castro - Reaction to US missiles placed in Turkey
Khrushchev
Kennedy
42Kennedy SpeechCuban Missile Crisis
43Cuban Missile Crisis
- Potential Options Discussed by ExComm (Sec. of
State, Sec. of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
National Security Advisor, CIA Director, Vice
President, UN Ambassador) - Ignore the Missiles
- Airstrikes to take out Missiles
- Airstrikes followed by US invasion
- Diplomacy
- Naval Blockade of Cuba
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45Cuban Missile Crisis
- Naval Blockade option chosen by Kennedy
- Demonstrated US willingness to take action
- Gave Khrushchev time to consider the gravity of
the situation - US Response
- Americans left population centers
- US military on full alert
- Soviet Response
- Send ships toward Cuba
- Eventually honor the blockade
46CMC Final Agreement
- Public
- USSR agrees to withdraw Missiles
- US wont invade Cuba
- Private
- Kennedy agreed to remove Missiles in Turkey
47Soviet Leadership - Cold War
- Stalin (1922-1953)
- Khrushchev (1953 1964)
- Brezhnev (1964 1982)
48Stalin
- Stalin (1922-1953)
- Great Purge (1936-1938)
- Political Rivals sent to gulags or purged
- 5 year Plan (1928)
- focus on heavy industrial products
- Few consumer goods made
- Focus on quantity vs. quality
- Collectivization(1928)
- Peasants forced to work on group farms
- Military spending high 1st A-bomb (1949), 1st
H-bomb (1952)
49Khrushchev
- Khrushchev (1953 1964)
- De-Stalinization (1953)
- Denounced Stalins brutal policies
- Improved standard of living
- More freedoms
- Continued Collectivization and 5 year plans
- U2 Spy Plane incident 1960
- Peaceful Co-existence with West (1961)
- Continued Massive Military Buildup
- Sputnik 1st Satellite in space ICBMs capable
of reaching US (1957) - Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Weakened Economy
Removed from Office (1964)
50Brezhnev
- 1964 1982
- Reversed Khrushchevs de-Stalinization policies
(1964) - Brezhnev Doctrine no country
- could leave the Warsaw Pact (1968)
- Détente (1972) policy to relax relations with
the US - SALT (1972) limited the number of nuclear
warheads and missiles that each country could
maintain - Invasion of Afghanistan (1979) ended détente
- Drained national treasury, unpopular
51Soviet SatellitesYugoslavia
- Only large eastern European Communist state to
resist Soviet Control - Josip Tito leader of Yugoslavia
- insisted on own national policies
- Developed his own form of Communism
- Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from the international
communist organization
52Soviet SatellitesInvasion of Hungary 1956
- Hungarians demand freedoms from communist
government - Imre Nagy announced withdraw from Warsaw Pact -
Threatens to return to democracy - Khrushchev sends Soviet Army into Budapest
- Leaders and protesters rounded up and executed
- Hungary returns to Communism
53Soviet Satellites Invasion of Czechoslovakia1968
- Czechs attempt to loosen Soviet Control
- Czech leader Alexander Dubcek restores some
freedoms - Soviets send in Warsaw Pact troops
- Czechoslovakia returns to Soviet Communism
54Soviet SatellitesPoland
- Resented Soviet control
- Gomulka freed political prisoners and ended
collectivization, eased relations with the
Catholic Church - 1970s workers demand economic reforms
- 1976 Growing underground movement to resist
Soviets aided by Catholic Church
55Cold War in Asia
China Korea Vietnam Japan
56Communism in China
- 2000 years of Dynastic Rule
- 1911 Republic of China established
- Nationalist Leader - Sun Yat-sen
- Promised land reform and end to political
corruption
57Communism in China
- 1920 Chinese Communist Party formed
- 1920/30s Nationalist Party in Control
- Chiang Kai-Shek leads Nationalist Party (1927)
- Millions of peasants starve
- Unequal land distribution
- Govt. policies favor wealthy landlords
- 1927 Civil War begins
- Nationalist vs. Communists
- 1934 Long March
- 90K Communist March 2,000 miles in Protest
against government - Nationalist kill 6K Communists
- Mao Zedong survives
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59Communism in China
- WWII
- Communist Mao Zedong
- gain strength in countryside by giving peasants
land - arm peasants with weapons
- Communist movement grows
- Nationalist- Chiang Kai-shek
- save best troops to fight Communists, NOT
Japanese - Troops are crushed by Japanese
- Nationalist movement weakens
- Continues to ignore problems
- Land reform, Corruption
60Chinese Civil War
- Civil War Resumes after WWII
- US sends 3B in Aid to help Nationalists
- Why?_______________________
- As you watch the video, answer the following
question - What were the results of the Chinese Civil War?
61Chinese Civil War
62Chinese Civil War
- Results
- Chiang Kai-shek flees to Formosa establishes the
Republic of China - Allies with US
- Mao Zedong established the Peoples Republic of
China - Allies with USSR
63Communism in China
- 1949 Communist Revolution
- Mao Zedong becomes leader (1949-1976)
- 1952-1957 Soviet Socialism
- 5 year Plan and Collectivization
- 1956 Break from Soviet Influence
- Move toward true communism
- 1956-1961 Great Leap Forward
- Modernize economy, while equally sharing wealth
- Large scale industrial programs
- Communes
- 1966-1969 Cultural Revolution
- Plan to rid China of the 4 Olds ideas, culture,
customs and habits - Red Guard helped to enforce Communist Ideas
- 1976 Mao dies, Jiang Qing (wife) takes over
struggle in Communist Party begins
64Chinese Modernization
- 1979-1997 Deng Xioping
- The Four Modernizations
- improve agricultural production
- update and expand industry
- modernize its army
- Import foreign science and technology
- 1997-2003 Jiang Zemin
- Modernization of industry
- Environmental destruction
- Widening Gap between rich and poor
- Three Represents
- Changes to Communist Ideology
- Included representing interests of majority
- Movement to include business interests
- in party politics
Zemin improved Chinese relations Between the US
and USSR
65Modern China
- Chinese Global Influence continues to Grow
- Focus
- Environmental Controls
- Gaps between rich and poor
- Continued economic improvement
- Foreign Investment in economy
- Personal, but not Political Freedoms
- Media and Political Control
- Human Rights Violations Tibet
- Committed to Chinese Reunification - Taiwan
President Hu Jintao moves China toward capitalism
66Korean War
67Korea
- 1905 Sino-Japanese War
- Korea controlled by Japanese
- 1945 Post WWII
- North Korea occupied by USSR
- South Korea occupied by US
- Plan to create an independent, unified Korea
- 1948
- US holds free elections in S. Korea
- USSR refuses free elections
- Syngman Rhee President of S. Korea
- Kim Il Sung USSR installed Leader Communist
N.Korea
68Korean Invasion
- Jan 1950 Secretary of State Dean Achseson Speech
- South Korea not included as nation of vital
interest to US - US uncertainty about South Korea leads Stalin to
believe an invasion would be successful - US/USSR misread intentions
- Stalin believed US wouldnt risk another war
- Truman believed USSR wouldnt
- risk full-scale invasion
69Korean War
- North and South Korea Divided
- at the 38 Parallel
- June 1950
- 90,000 N. Korea Troops
- Invade S.Korea
- June 1950
- Truman orders Naval Air
- Force to Korea without formal
- declaration of war
- UN Security Council approves
- military aid to South Korea
70Korean War
- UN Troops Cornered at Pusan
- MacArthur lands UN forces
- Enemy lines at Inchon
- Drives North Korean Troops
- To 38 Parallel
- North Korea
- South Korea/UN Troops
- Cornered at Pusan
71Korean War
- MacArthur pins troops against
- the Chinese border
- Ignores warnings from Mao to back
- Off
- Against Trumans orders, MacArthur
- bombs bridges crossing into China
- China sends troops across border
- North Korea pined at Chinese Border
- South Korea/UN Troops
72Korean War
- Chinese/N. Korean troops drive UN troops back
across 38 Parallel - MacArthur wants victory expand war into China
use of nuclear weapons - Truman wants Limited War Containing the war
within its borders using conventional weapon - April 1951 Truman Fires MacArthur for publically
criticizing his policy of Limited War
- North Korea/Chinese Troops cross 38 Parallel
- South Korea/UN Troops
73Korean War
- What were the results of the Korean War?
- North Korea
- South Korea/UN Troops
74Korean War
75Korean War Results
- South Korea remained Free
- US Contained Communism
- Became a Democracy
- US Troops Remain at 38th Parallel
- South Korea became an economic Tiger high
economic growth - North Korea Communist
- Leader - Kim Jong Il
- Economy has stagnated
- People are starving
- Focus on developing nuclear weapons
Lee Myung Bak President, S.Korea
Kim Jong Il President, N. Korea
76Korean War Deaths
77Vietnam
78History of Vietnam
- Once a Colony of France want rubber, tin rice
- Part of French Indochina
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Vietnam
- Japanese capture during WWII
79Vietnam
- Communist leader Ho Chi Min
- declares Vietnamese independence in 1945
- Goals
- Independent Vietnam
- Unified Vietnam
- Land Reform
- French return to reclaim Vietnam
80Vietminh Strategy
- Tire the French
- Guerrilla Warfare - avoid major battles, hit and
run tactics - Build support with peasants
81Truman Years
- US Policy 1950-1956
- Containment and Truman Doctine
- Provide military aid to French to defeat the
Communist Vietminh - French Lose
82What were the results of the Geneva Peace Talks?
- Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel
- North Communist
- Leader Ho Chi Min
- Gained Popularity through land reform
- South Non-Communist Dictator
- Leader - Ngo Dinh Diem
- Refuses Land Reform
- Unification pending free elections
83Eisenhower Years
- Policy of Containment
- Domino Theory
- Fall of Vietnam would lead
- Other countries in SE Asia to fall
- U.S. sends to aid South Vietnam in resisting
Communism
84Why is Diem Unpopular?
- Cancels elections with support of US
- Refuses to make land refoms
- Brutal Policies kills off opposition
- Communist groups form in South Vietnam
85Who are the Viet Cong?
- Communist Group in South Vietnam
- Aided by North Vietnam and USSR
- Civil War breaks out in South Vietnam
86The Kennedy Years
- Sends military advisors and to South Vietnam
- US proposes military coup
- Diem Assassinated
87Johnson Years
- Escalates War in Vietnam
- Golf of Tonkin Incident US boats torpedoed by
N. Vietnam - Golf of Tonkin Resolution Congress gives
Johnson authority to send troops - 1965 165,000
- 1968 500,00
88What major difficulties do US troops encounter?
- 3 Major Difficulties
- Guerilla Warfare
- No clearly defined battle lines
- Hit and Run Tactics
- Unfamiliar Jungle Terrain
- Unpopularity of S. Vietnamese Govt.
- War becomes
- unpopular at home
89Nixon Years
- Vietnamization increase South Vietnamese
troops combat role while US gradually pulls out - Massive bombings - put pressure on N. Vietnamese
to end the war
90How does the war end?
- Vietminh agree to ceasefire
- 1973 - Last US troops leave
- 1975 N. Vietnamese invade S. Vietnam
- S. Vietnam Surrenders
- Vietnam becomes a unified communist country
91Costs of Vietnam War
- 57,000 US Soldiers Dead
- 2 Million Vietnamese Dead
- 150B Financial Cost
- US loses First War
- Reluctance to commit US troops over seas
92Vietnam Today
- Remains a Communist Country
- Unified no longer North and South
- US ended trade embargo in 1994
- US established diplomatic relations in 1995
93Compare Korean War to Vietnam War
94Japan
- Occupation of Japan led by MacArthur 6 years
- Demilitarization
- Japanese armed services disbanded
- Japan agrees to protection from US
- Democracy
- 2 House Parliament called Diet
- Emperor becomes symbolic
95Japan
- Economic Miracle
- US Investment
- Government Intervention
- Cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers,
distributors and banks - Focus on Technology
- Business Management
- Lifetime employment
- Seniority-Based wages
- Group Effort
- Quality Control