Chapter 1: Egypt

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Chapter 1 Egypt
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1. Geography

• Egyptian civilization grew along the river Nile.
• Two main regions Upper Egypt (South,
• Thebes)
• Lower Egypt (North, Memphis)

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1. Geography

• They depended on the annual floods of the Nile
  and on irrigation.
• Arable soil was very limited.
• 95 of the population lived in 5 of the land.

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2. Economy

• Based on agriculture.
• Imported wood and olive oil.
• Exported papyrus, grain, linen, furniture, gold
  and African goods.
• They had some mineral resources and stone
  (granite).

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3. Society

• Monarchy with extreme divisions between social
  classes
• Pharaoh (divinized)
• Aristocracy (royal officials, large landowners,
  wealthy merchants, priests, military chiefs)
• Small business people, traders, artisans.
• Peasants.
• Slaves

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4. Religion

• Theocracy
• theós (Gk god) kratía (Gk government)
• Meaning a state ruled by a god.
• The pharaoh identified himself with a god.
• He embodied the state.
• His subjects would worship him to ensure the
  prosperity of the community.

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4. Religion

• They believed in an afterlife.
• They tried to ensure the eternal life through
• Building of funerary monuments
• Visual representation of the deceased
• Mummification
• Representation of daily life in burials.
• Training to pass the judgment of Osiris. (Book of
  the Dead)

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5. Funerary Architecture

• Old Kingdom Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara,
  2600 BCE

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5. Funerary architecture

• Old Kingdom Pyramids of Giza (Khufu, Khafre,
  Menkaura, 2560-2525 BCE)

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5. Funerary architecture

• n Menkaura
• nKhafre
• a Khufu
• b Queens pyramids
• q, k valley temples
• j Great Sphinx
• d, c cemeteries

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5. Funerary architecture

• Khufus pyramid, oldest and largest of the complex

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5. Funerary architecture

• The Inscription and legend of pharaoh Tuthmosis IV

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5. Funerary architecture

• Deir el Bahri (1490 BCE) Valley of the Kings
• Hatshepsuts temple

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5. Tutankhamens tomb (1325 BCE)
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6. Temples

• Karnak, Great Temple of Amen, (Ramses II),
  1294-1212 BCE

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6. Temples

• Pylon

• Hypostyle Hall

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7. Sculpture and painting
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7. Sculpture and painting

• Nobleman hunting in the marshes (1400 BCE)

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7. Sculpture and painting

• Ka-Aper (2500 BCE) Menkure and his Chief
  Queen(2525 BCE)