Cleaner Transportation Fuels for Improved Urban Air Quality in Central Asia and the Caucasus Final Regional Workshop 26-27 October 2000, Baku, Azerbaijan

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Cleaner Transportation Fuels for Improved Urban
Air Quality in Central Asia and the
CaucasusFinal Regional Workshop 26-27 October
2000, Baku, Azerbaijan

• Vehicle Fleet Analysis
• Emissions and I/M Programs
• Deniz Karman, Greg Rideout, Jacek Rostkowski
• Emissions Research and Measurement Division

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Word Bank Study Objectives I/M PROGRAMS

• Review and assess the effectiveness of vehicle
  inspection programs
• Identify problems with existing programs
• Make recommendations for making the inspection
  programs and their enforcement more effective
• Make recommendations with respect to equipment
  and research

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I/M PROGRAMS

• Objectives
• Identify and repair vehicles with maladjustments
  or control system malfunctions
• Discourage willful tampering with control systems
• Modes
• Periodic checks of all vehicles
• Identification and repair of high emitting
  vehicles,
• Identification and exemption of low emitting
  vehicles,
• clean screening

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I/M PROCEDURES

• Gasoline Vehicles
• Exhaust concentrations measurement CO, HC, NOx
• No load, idle/2500 rpm
• Loaded dynamometer tests
• ASM, Acceleration simulation mode
• (AMS2525, 25 mph, 25 maximum FTP acceleration)
• IM240, first 240 seconds of FTP (Federal Test
  Procedure)
• Visual inspection of control system components
• Pressure/purge tests for evaporative emission
  control systems
• Diesel Vehicles
• Bosch method for smoke pull measured amount of
  exhaust through filter paper, check light
  transmission of filter
• Opacity meter check light attenuation directly
  across exhaust path under snap acceleration
  conditions

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I/M PROGRAMS

• Institutional setting
• Centralized, special stations for inspection
  only. Failing vehicles get repairs elsewhere
  and come back for re-testing
• Decentralized - existing repair shops are
  licensed to inspect, and carry out necessary
  repairs
• Frequency
• Vehicle age at first test, 1-4 years
• Subsequent tests every 1-2 years
• Costs
• Program operating costs, Repair costs
• Cost/benefit ratio
• Improvement in ambient air quality vs I/M costs

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I/M PROGRAMS - COMPLEMENTS

• Remote sensing
• Large numbers of vehicles can be tested while in
  traffic or in special test lanes for exhaust CO,
  HC, NOx concentrations
• - Clean screening identify vehicles that can
  be exempted from regular testing
• - High emitter profiling identify vehicles (or
  vehicle types) that need to be examined by more
  detailed procedures
• On-board diagnostics (OBD)
• Sensing and monitoring devices are built into
  the vehicle at the manufacturing stage to detect
  malfunctions. These can then
• Indicate the malfunction, by a light etc.
• Store computer codes for malfunctioning
  components so that the problem can be identified
  and fixed during regular checks.

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In-use emissions levels Gasoline Vehicles (GOST
17.2.03-87)
Note ppm, parts per million rpm, revolutions
per minute. a. For police and municipality
roadworthiness checks, a CO reading at idle of
lt3.0 percent is required, in effect making this
the I/M pass/fail criterion. b. 2,000 rpm
minimum, or 80 percent of nominal rpm at maximum
speed
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In-use emissions levels Diesel Vehicles (GOST
21393-75)
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I/M - OBSERVATIONS FROM COUNTRY VISITS

• Gasoline (exhaust CO and HC concentrations) and
  diesel vehicle (opacity for snap acceleration)
  procedures appropriate for most of the existing
  fleet.
• Regulatory philosophy Test everyone at frequent
  intervals, supplement this with roadside checks
• Existing I/M infrastructure inadequate for this
  philosophy
• number of test stations/equipment
• enforcement mechanism
• record keeping

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I/M - OBSERVATIONS FROM COUNTRY VISITS

• Record keeping and assessment of program
  effectiveness is inadequate to estimate
  potential benefits/impacts on urban air quality
• Key questions
• How many vehicles were tested?
• How many failed?
• How many were repaired, re-tested, and passed?
• Statistical data not available in sufficient
  detail (by year, vehicle category, model, age,
  etc.)

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I/M - A REMOTE SENSING PILOT PROJECT

• Provide vehicle fleet emission characteristics by
  testing thousands of vehicles per hour
• Raise technical awareness of motor vehicle
  emission measurement and control issues
• Identify technical, social, and institutional
  issues associated with I/M programs and
  procedures
• Provide valuable data for evaluating the cost
  effectiveness of both remote sensing and existing
  I/M procedures for reducing emissions from motor
  vehicles

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I/M - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Desirable to obtain an accurate picture of the
  emissions profile in the fleet and the potential
  reduction in emissions to improve air quality. An
  enhanced record keeping system is required to
  attempt this.
• The cost effectiveness of the test everyone
  approach is questionable in terms of reducing
  emissions from vehicle fleet.
• Inspection programs can identify the problem an
  adequate repair shop infrastructure must be in
  place to solve the problem

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I/M - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Significant investment in new testing centres and
  equipment would be required to implement
  existing regulations adequately.
• The investment in repair shop infrastructure will
  be undertaken by small business if there is
  commitment to enforcing the emission regulations.
  
• Existing procedures will become ineffective for
  new vehicles with emission control technology
• A pilot remote sensing project can provide
  sufficient information about existing conditions
  to make more specific recommendations about
  future I/M programs