KINGDOM ANIMALIA

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
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General Info

• Of all the kingdoms of organisms, the animal
  kingdom is the most diverse in appearance.
• More than a million species of animals are known.
  
• Animals are grouped into about 35 phyla (mostly
  aquatic).
• Vertebrates make up one subphylum within the
  Phylum Chordata less than 5 of all animal
  species.
• 95 of all animal species are invertebrates and
  do not have a backbone.
• Animals carry out the following essential
  functions feeding, respiration, circulation,
  excretion, response movement, and reproduction.
• What animals represent the majority of all animal
  species?

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What is an animal?

• Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic,
  eukaryotes. They take into their bodies
  preformed organic molecules, they cannot
  construct them from inorganic chemicals. Most do
  this by ingestion.
• Animals typically store their carbohydrate
  reserves as glycogen.
• Lack cell walls.
• Two types of tissues responsible for impulse
  conduction and movement nervous tissue and
  muscle tissue.
• Reproduce sexually (most).

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Early Development (Embryology)

• Animals that reproduce sexually begin life as a
  zygote, or fertilized egg. The zygote undergoes
  a series of divisions to form a blastula, which
  is a hollow ball of cells. The blastula folds in
  on itself, forming a single opening called a
  blastopore.
• The blastopore leads into a central tube that
  runs the length of the developing embryo. This
  tube becomes a digestive tract and is formed in
  one of two ways.
• 1. A protostome is an animal whose mouth is
  formed from the blastopore. Most invertebrates
  are protostomes.
• 2. A deuterostome is an animal whose anus is
  formed from the blastopore. The mouth is formed
  second after the anus. All vertebrates are
  deuterostomes.

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• The cells of most animal embryos differentiate
  into three layers called germ layers.
• The cells of endoderm (innermost germ layer),
  develop into the linings of the digestive tract
  and respiratory system.
• The cells of mesoderm (middle layer), give rise
  to muscles and much of the circulatory ,
  reproductive, and excretory organ systems.
• The ectoderm (outermost layer), gives rise to
  sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the
  skin.

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Body Symmetry

• With the exception of sponges, every kind of
  animal exhibits some type of body symmetry in its
  anatomy.
• Many simple animals have body parts that repeat
  around the center of the body. These animals
  exhibit radial symmetry. (Ex. Sea Anemone,
  Cnidarians)
• In animals with bilateral symmetry, such as
  crayfish, only a single imaginary plane can
  divide the body into two equal halves. These
  animals have right and left sides, front and back
  ends, and upper and lower sides.
• The anterior is the front end, and the posterior
  is the back end. The dorsal is the upper side,
  and the ventral is the lower side.

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Cephalization

• Animals with bilateral symmetry usually display
  cephalization.
• Cephalization is the concentration of sense
  organs and nerve cells at the front end
  (anterior) of the body.
• Animals with cephalization respond to the
  environment more quickly and in more complex ways
  than simpler animals can.
• Animals with bilateral symmetry usually move with
  the anterior end forward, so this end comes in
  contact with new parts of the environment first.

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Body Cavity Formation

• Most animals have a body cavity, or coelom, which
  is a fluid filled space that lies between the
  digestive tract and the body wall.
• A coelom is important because it provides a space
  in which internal organs can be suspended. This
  space allows organs to grow and develop and
  protects them from body movements.
• In some animals, the coelom contains fluids that
  are involved in circulation, feeding and
  excretion.

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Review Questions

• 1. What are the major characteristics that
  distinguish animals from plants?
• 2. Why is it not sufficient to classify animals
  simply as multicellular heterotrophs?
• 3. State the three germ layers found in most
  animals and give an example of a tissue type or
  organ system that arises from each. )
• 4. What conclusions can be drawn from the
  observation that almost all animals undergo
  similar development from zygote to blastula to
  gastrula?
• 5. A student submits a diagram of an embryo with
  the three germ layers labeled. The title reads
  Diagram of sponge embryo. Do you mark it right
  or wrong? Explain.
• 6. Distinguish between acoelomates,
  pseudocoelomates, and coelomates.
• 7. As animals became more complex, why was the
  development of a coelom important?
• 8. Describe the two types of body symmetry.
• 9. Which kind of symmetry has the fewest planes
  of symmetry?
• 10. Which form of symmetry is characteristic of
  the highest animals?
• 11. Explain why animals with radial symmetry show
  no signs of cephalization.
• 12. List the main body areas associated with
  bilateral symmetry and state what each one means.
  
• 13. Is your head anterior or posterior to your
  arms? Describe the location of your arms in
  relation to your shoulders.
• 14. Dorsal relates to
• a) the forward or head end of an animal b) the
  back or upper surface of the animal
• c) the lower side or belly of the animal d) the
  tail end or the end away from the head of an
  animal
• 15. Radial symmetry is to sea stars as bilateral
  symmetry is to
• a) hydra b) jellyfish c) bony fish d) sand
  dollars