American Foreign Policy

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American Foreign Policy

• Gerwin Fricke and Marc Zedler

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Contents

• United States Department of State
• The Military Establishment

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State Department
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State Department

• Cabinet level foreign affairs agency of the US
  government
• Headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building in
  Foggy Bottom
• Drafted by US constitution 1787 and established
  on July 1789

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States Functions

• Represent US government overseas
• Represent views of foreign governments
• Conduct diplomacy negotioations abroad
• Analyze and report on foreign events
• Provide advice to the president

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State Department at HOME
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(No Transcript)
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Secretary of State

Punish France, ignore Germany, Forgive Russia
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State Department ABROAD

• More than 280 diplomatic missions are opertated
  internationally
• Over 8000 people employe for these missions
  abroad
• 170 Embassies
• 110 Consular posts

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Embassy Overseas Mission

• Ambassador chief of mission, highest
  representative of the United States stationed
  abroad
• Assited by Deputy chief of mission and country
  team composed of foreign service officers (FSOs)

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Affiliated Organizations
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USAID

• The governmental agency with the principal
  responsibility to administer economic assistance
  and supervise economic development policy abroad
• Established 1961 by President JFK

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USIA

• The major cultural and communications agency of
  the US govt
• Engaged in a variety of informational,
  educational and cultural activities
• Programs
• Fullbright program
• Voice of America
• Radio Marti and Television Marti

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Context of the Decline

• Increasing Importance of International Affairs
• Rise of American Power
• The Global Communitications Revolution
• Increasing Reliance on Force

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FSO Subculture

• A tendency to be elitist or exclusivist
• A preference for overseas experience and to
  indentify with foreign viewpoints
• An emphasis on the policy instruments of
  diplomacy and negotiation
• A tendency to be generalists
• A tendency to be loyal and cautious

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Complaints

• Inefficient and slow
• Poor staff work
• Unresponsive
• Resitant to change
• Incapable of putting ist house in order
• Unable to lead

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Bureaucratic Patterns

• The presidential appointment process has produced
  controversy
• Insiders vs. in-outers

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The Military Establishment
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Focus

• Functions / Missions
• Historical Evolution
• Organizational Structure
• Subcultures of the Military

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Functions of the Military

• Functions have remained the same throughout the
  eras
• Primary Purpose Defense
• Secondary Purpose Fight and eliminate in
  support of the government

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Soldiers Mission

• Unique in regard to any governmental branch
• Can give ones life or take a life
• Special mental preparation as well as unique
  training unlike any other branch

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Hard Power

• The use of force by a permanent, large
  bureaucracy became the foundation for the U.S.
  policy of containment during the Cold War
• Threat-based orientation of foreign policy
• Ex. Korea War, Lebanon 1958, Vietnam

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The Three Eras

• Old Military
• Post World War II modern Military
• New Military the Military since Goldwater Nichols
  Act of 1986 / Military Establishment

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Old Military

• Key Elements
• Short Career Life
• Extreme Fragmentation and Decentralization
• Source of Political Recruitment

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Modern Military

• Key Elements
• Greater Specialization and Centralization
• Large, Permanent Military
• Expansion in Size and Scope

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New Military / Military Establishment

• Key Elements
• Organizational Structure and Process
• Military Subculture
• American Way of War
• -Deterrence Strategy

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Joint Chiefs of Staff

• 5 members one from each service along with a
  chair of JCS appointed by president for a 4 year
  term
• Generally has been weak unable to enforce
  coherent military policy
• Service for own interest chair stuck usual
  approves

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Office of the Secretary of Defense

• Civilian Control of the Military
• Control the military make sure it is in
  accordance with the President
• Little influence on JCS but approves spending and
  personal etc.

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Problematic Trends

• Information Problems

• Deflate or inflate information
• Heavy reliance of measurable indicators
• Body Counts

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Problematic Trends

• Duplication and Overlap of Activities

• Services felt they had to fend for themselves
  i.e. several Air Forces
• Excessive duplication has become the norm
• Vietnam war was a number of different wars fought
  by different components of the U.S. government

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Problematic Trends

• Coordination Problems

• Since various services may not have promoted U.S.
  foreign policy since each pursued its own goals
• Tremendous size, decentralization, and
  specialization made it hard to control
• Interservice rivalry was common as each competed
  for resources control and preeminence
• Intraservice this is infighting within a service

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The Modern Military Subculture

• Career officers managerial class
• - A managerial style
• -McNamara appointed whiz kids
• - Pursuit of procurement of high technology
• -state-of-the-art weapons
• - Preoccupation with careerism
• - Separation of politics and military combat
• - Concentration in warfare strategy

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The American Way of War

• Warfare Before and After WWII classic
  conventional war, concentration and attrition of
  the enemy. After WWII prepared for two types of
  war nuclear and conventional. Following to the
  idea of deterrence strategy.
• Vietnam War Lessons learned, power of the
  media, conventional means does not always lead to
  victory. Connection to Iraq?

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The Post-Goldwater Nichols Military

• Addressed four specific issues
• - Act redefined role of the chair of the JCS he
  is the sole adviser to president and inform of
  dissenting service
• - Increased power of the CJCS
• - Clarifies the chain of command
• - Joint Time
• Result is more jointness and stronger unified
  commands.

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Results

• Complex bureaucracy but more efficient and
  effective
• More valuable military advice
• Operates better during war and low intensity
  conflicts and stability-reconstruction missions
• Decisions to use U.S. troops is dominated by
  civilian leadership

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The Development of the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine

• Commit troops only if it vital to U.S. security
  or allies security
• Once on the ground give full support
• Should have clear defined plans politically and
  militarily, Iraq?
• Plans should be continuously reassessed if
  necessary
• Assured support from public and congress
• Finally, commitment of U.S. troops is the last
  resort!

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New Objectives

• Operations other than war
• Stability and reconstruction operations
• New missions related such as humanitarian,
  peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and nation
  building, disaster relief

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Donald Rumsfeld

• Three decades of experience
• Strong domineering personality
• Loyalty to Bush and the Republican party
• Transformation of the military quicker,
  high-tech, effective
• Imposed civilian control over the military
  negative effect in Iraq
• Fired due to his mismanagement

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Rummi at his best
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What went wrong in Iraq?

• Not enough troops on the ground
• No solid reconstruction plan
• Civil Provisional Authority was weak
• Troops had little training for this region

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New Issues

• How much is enough in terms of military personal?
• Leadership and moral
• The Rise of an all-volunteer and diverse military
• Waste, readiness, and human error

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Future for the Military

• Reflection of society larger populations means
  larger bureaucratic problems
• Effective despite its size
• More low-intensity conflicts

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Thank You ?