Imperialism: American Style

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Imperialism American Style

• U.S. Foreign Policy at Turn of Century

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Imperialism

• Expansion by acquiring ownership /control over
  colonial areas/protectorates for economic,
  military, religious, or nationalist reasons.

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Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
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Reasons for

• Invest surplus capital
• ½ Billion by 1900
• Obtain raw materials
• Control Export Markets
• Establish naval and military bases
• Send missionaries to make converts
• Compete for world power

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Philosophy of American Imperialism

• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Manifest Destiny, 1840s
• Political Darwinism
• Racial Superiority
• Spread of Democracy
• Blaines Pan-Americanism
• Roosevelt Corollaryhemisphere policemen
• Alfred MahanBuilding A World Class Navy

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Influence of Sea Power Upon History

• Book by Alfred T. Mahan
• President of Naval War College, 1885
• Thesisthe great imperial nations of the past had
  gained their power prestige through naval
  supremacy
• 1880 fleet142 wooden vessels
• Blaine, Sec.Stategtnaval expansion
• 1900 fleet3rd in world

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Differences between Old New Expansionism

• Supported by urban, middle class
• Provided distraction
• from domestic
• problems
• Yellow Journalism
• sensationalism of
• international events

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Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan 1853
Japanese View of Commodore Perry
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Treaty of Kanagawa 1854
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Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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Sewards Icebox 1867
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U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1875 Reciprocity Treaty
• 1890 McKinley Tariff
• 1893 Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising
  against Queen Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of
  Hawaii in 1894.

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U.S. Territorial Acquisitions

• Alaska, 1867Sewards Ice Box
• Midway Islands, 1867
• American Samoa, 1878
• Annexation of Hawaii, 1893-1898
• Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, 1878
• Queen Liliuokalani
• Dole Revolution
• Republic then annexation

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Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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U.S. Foreign Policy

• Perry Ends Japanese Isolationism, 1853
• Hays Open Door Policy with China, 1898
• Spanish American War, 1898
• T.R.s Big Stick Diplomacy in L.A. 1904

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Gentlemans Agreement 1908

• Japanese note agreeing to deny passports
  tolaborers entering U.S.
• Japan recognized U.S.right to exclude
  Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by
  other countries.
• U.S. government got school board of San Francisco
  to rescind order tosegregate Asians in
  separateschools.

• 1908 ? Root-Takahira Agreement.

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Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1912

• Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr.
• Non-European powers,like Japan, would
  beexcluded from owningterritory in
  WesternHemisphere.

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• U.S. Instigate Revolt in Panama, 1904
• T.R. mediates peace between Russia Japan
  1905wins Nobel Peace Prize
• Tafts Dollar Diplomacy in L.A, 1909
• Completion of Panama Canal, 1914

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The Imperialist Taylor
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba
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Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy
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Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd,
  besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to
  leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on
  good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

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Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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Causes Spanish American War

• American investments tariffs
• Cuban revolutionaries
• The Butcher-General Valeriano Weyler
• Yellow Journalism
• De Lome Letter
• Remember the Maine!

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The Rough Riders
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Dewey Captures Manila!
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The Splendid Little War

• War correspondents
• Naval Victory at Manila Bay
• Rough Riders
• Siege of Santiago

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The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against annexation of Philippines and
  otheracts of imperialism.

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Is He To Be a Despot?
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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam.
• U. S. paid Spain 20 mil.
  for the
  Philippines.
• U. S. becameimperial power!

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Effects of War

• Cuban Independence, but
• Platt Amendment
• Annexation of the Philippines
• Filipino Insurrection
• Acquisition of Puerto Rico Guam
• Growth of Nationalism

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William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Great administrator.
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Cuban Independence?
Senator Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903) 1. Cuba was not to enter
into any agreements with foreign powers that
would endanger its independence. 2. U.S. could
intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to
maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba
must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval
and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up
an excessive public debt.
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Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
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The Roosevelt Corollary to
Monroe Doctrine 1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized
nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the exercise of an international
police power .
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Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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The Open Door Policy

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

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America as a Pacific Power
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The Cares of a Growing Family
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Constable of the World
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The Great White Fleet 1907
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Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Improve financialopportunities for American
  businesses.
• Use private capital tofurther U. S.
  interestsoverseas.
• Therefore, U.S. should create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote Americas
  commercial interests.

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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• The U. S. shouldbe conscienceof world.
• Spread democracy.
• Promote peace.
• Condemn colonialism.

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Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in
1914.
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U. S. Global Investments Investments in Latin
America, 1914
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U. S. Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
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Uncle Sam One of the Boys?
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What the U. S. Has Fought For
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