Aim: How did American foreign policy affect Latin America?

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• To understand how and why the United States grew
  during the 19th and early 20th Centuries.

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• After the Spanish-American War, the United States
  had acquired an empire.
• As the 20th Century began, the United States
  cared about their interests in the Pacific and
  Asia, as well as their interests in Latin
  America.
• The handling of the affairs between the United
  States and Latin America ran the line between
  very good and poor, it was all dependent upon the
  American president.

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• After the war, the United States acquired Puerto
  Rico from the Spanish.
• In 1900, the United States Congress passed the
  Foraker Act.
• The act established the government in Puerto
  Rico. It was very similar to the government
  established in the Philippines.

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• The United States would select the governor and
  choose the eleven members of an executive
  council.
• Five of the council members must be native-born
  Puerto Ricans.
• The council would serve as the upper house of the
  legislature.
• The lower house would have their members elected
  by the people of Puerto Rico.

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• The reaction to the Foraker Act was mixed.
• Leaders such as Ramon Betances were completely
  against the Foraker Act.
• Puerto Rican businessmen were in favor of the
  Foraker Act, it created investment in the island
  and helped to strengthen the economy.
• Puerto Rican farmers were against the Foraker
  Act, many American investors would take the best
  land.
• Many Puerto Ricans, however, were dead set
  against American rule. They were certainly not
  independent.

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• What was the Foraker Act?
• This act established the first American-style
  government in Puerto Rico. The government would
  have a two house legislature. The upper house
  would be chosen by the US and the lower house
  would be chosen by the people themselves.

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• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

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• After the Spanish-American War, the United States
  kept an active interest in Cuba.
• The United States had invested a lot of money in
  the Cuban economy, so they were interested in the
  islands affairs.
• The United States also cared about keeping the
  Cubans under tight control so that no other
  nation would influence their decision making
  ability.

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• The military government of Cuba was led by
  General Leonard Wood, who made dramatic
  improvements for the Cuban way of life.
• Walter Reed, an American doctor, made huge
  strides in improving the medical and health
  standards of the island.
• However, the average Cuban, did not like the
  United States interfering in their daily affairs.

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• In 1900, the Cubans drafted their own
  Constitution.
• The following year, the United States Congress
  passed the Platt Amendment.
• The Platt Amendment stated
• 1-The Cubans would sell/rent land to the United
  States. (Guantanamo Bay)?
• 2-The United States would maintain law and order
  in Cuba.
• 3-Cuba could not borrow more money than they
  could repay in a loan from a foreign nation.
• The Cubans accepted the terms of the Platt
  Amendment and then the American troops left the
  island.
• In 1959, Cuba overthrew the American-supported
  government.

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• What was the Platt Amendment?
• This amendment allowed the US to receive land in
  Cuba, provide a constant presence in Cuba to
  maintain law and order and Cuba could not borrow
  from any other nations besides the US.

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• Teller Amendment (1898)
• The US Senator, Orville Platt,
• the man who sponsored the
• Amendment.
• Platt Amendment (1903)?
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

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• The idea of building a canal across Panama began
  in the 1800s.
• During the Spanish-American War, the United
  States realized how important a canal would have
  been in their military strategy.
• During the growth of big business, American
  businesses, supported the idea of building a
  canal for quicker travel.
• With the victory in the war, the United States
  believed they could build the canal.

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• Getting the canal built was a difficult task.
• The first difficulty was in getting the
  permission to build the canal.
• The French were the first to build the canal.
  They started in 1881, but they soon ran out of
  money.
• The French company, then, sold the rights to
  build the canal. The US Congress paid 40 million
  to get the rights. President Roosevelt gave the
  green light.

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• The second difficulty was the government of
  Colombia.
• The United States and the Colombian governments
  tried to negotiate a deal to sell the land.
  However, the United States offer of 10 million
  was too low in the eyes of the Colombian
  government.
• The Colombians feared that their decision would
  anger the US. It did.

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• In November 1903, people who wanted a canal to be
  built in Panama, staged a revolt.
• American warships were sent by President
  Roosevelt to stop the Colombian soldiers from
  ending the Panamanian revolt.
• Soon after, the Republic of Panama was
  established and the US immediately recognized
  their sovereignty, geethe Canal.

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• Panama and the United States signed the
  Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
• In this treaty, the United States would pay 10
  million dollars and then pay 250,000 annually to
  control the land needed to build the canal.
• The United States also agreed that Panama would
  be independent.

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• Building the canal was a serious undertaking.
• The US had to build a canal through jungles and
  mountains.
• The builders had to contend with diseases from
  mosquitoes such as malaria. Colonel William
  Gorgas fought to end yellow fever and malaria in
  the region.
• The canal was finally opened in 1914. The United
  States controlled the canal from 1914 until 1999
  when the canal was put under the control of the
  Panamanians.

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• 1850 ? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
• 1901 ? Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.
• Dr. Walter Reed.
• Colonel W. Goethals.
• 1903 ? Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

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Theodore Roosevelt at Panama Canal
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• Who attempted to build a canal across Panama?
• The French, but they ran out of .

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• What did the US offer Colombia for the rights to
  build the canal?
• Ten million dollars which the Colombians
  rejected. The US would then sponsor the
  Panamanian Revolution.

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• Why were the Colombians against the canal treaty?
• They thought the offer was too low.

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• Who was William Gorgas?
• The doctor who rid the canal area of yellow fever.

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• Getting the Panama Canal built was part of
  Theodore Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy-this was
  his foreign policy. (Remember, his domestic
  policy dealt with progressive issues.)?
• Roosevelt stated, Speak softly and carry a big
  stick and you will go far. Roosevelt believed
  that the United States should use force (the big
  stick) when necessary to protect Americans
  interests.

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• As president, Theodore Roosevelt was concerned
  that many Latin American nations were not able to
  repay their debts to Europe.
• Roosevelt, also believed that the nations of
  Europe would use force to collect what was
  rightfully theirs.
• This did happen when the nations of Europe
  blockaded Venezuela so they would repay its
  debts.
• Roosevelt believed that this could happenagain
  and again.

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• In 1904, Roosevelt added a corollary (addition)
  to the Monroe Doctrine.
• The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United
  States would intervene in Latin America if the
  nation would be unable to pay their debts.
• The Roosevelt Corollary, also stated that the
  United States would use its international police
  power to protect the nations of Latin America and
  prevent Western Europe from interfering in Latin
  America.
• This corollary was put to use in 1905.

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• Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere,
  ultimately require intervention by some civilized
  nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
  adherence of the United States to the Monroe
  Doctrine may force the United States, however
  reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing
  or impotence, to the exercise of an international
  police power .

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• Where and how did President Roosevelt use big
  stick diplomacy?
• Theodore Roosevelt used his big stick policy in
  Latin America. He used the big stick policy
  because he was concerned that many Latin American
  nations would not be able to pay their debts to
  Europe.

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• What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
• This corollary written by Theodore Roosevelt
  stated that the US would have to interfere in
  Latin America if those nations were unable to pay
  their debts.

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• Dollar Diplomacy was the foreign policy of
  President William Howard Taft.
• Taft, followed Roosevelt, in that both men
  believed that the United States should interfere
  in the affairs of the nations in order to protect
  our interests.
• Taft, also believed that the United States should
  invest money in the nations of Latin America.

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• This idea worked and strengthened our economy
  while bolstering our political strength.
• The United States could use the raw materials of
  Latin America to make our goods while the nations
  would provide markets for our goods.
• We would be stronger politically because with our
  investments, we would have a say in the events of
  Latin America without using force.

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• Taft also protected our interests by guaranteeing
  Latin American debts.
• By doing this, the United States would prevent
  the nations of Europe from investing in Latin
  America.

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• Improve financialopportunities for American
  businesses.
• Use private capital tofurther U. S.
  interestsoverseas.
• Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote Americas
  commercial interests.

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• Who was the President that used dollar diplomacy
  in Latin America?
• Dollar Diplomacy was the foreign policy of
  William Taft in Latin America. His policy
  encouraged American businesses to invest money in
  the region.

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• When Wilson became President in 1913, he used the
  ideas of New Freedom to handle the events in
  Latin America.
• Wilson, went against the ideas of Taft and
  Roosevelt in Latin America by encouraging fair
  play and friendship instead of using economic and
  political pressure.
• He, too, was not perfect.

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• Wilson used force several times in the Caribbean.
• Wilson, sent in the military, when he thought our
  interests were threatened. He sent the military
  to help back democratic governments.
• Wilsons use of force and American interference
  was not welcomed by the people of Latin America.
• One good thing Wilson did was he bought the
  Virgin Islands from Denmark for 25,000,000.

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• Mexico, also, proved to be a tough place for
  Wilsons foreign policy.
• Mexico, in the early years of the 20th century,
  underwent a violent revolution.
• 1912 The President of Mexico, Francisco Madero ,
  was assassinated by followers of General
  Victoriano Huerta.
• The US did not recognize Huertas government as
  legitimate. Taft left this problem for Wilson.

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• Wilson, also, did not recognize the government of
  Huerta.
• The United States refused to send aid to Mexico.
• 1914 The United States military was sent to
  Mexico to stop an arms shipment to Huerta. The
  United States and Mexico nearly go to war.

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• General Huerta was forced to leave office.
• The new government of Mexico was led by
  American-supported Venustiano Carranza.
• With the support of the United States, this
  government was opposed by many Mexicans,
  including Pancho Villa.
• Villa began killing American troops in northern
  Mexico as well as being the only man to invade
  the US. Villa attacked southern New Mexico.

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• How did President Wilson want to change the US
  foreign policy towards Latin America?
• Wilson wanted to stop using military force and
  pressure and encourage the US to abide (follow)
  by the rules of fair play, friendship and
  competition.

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• Where did Wilson use force?
• He used force in the nations of Haiti and the
  Dominican Republic.

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• What was the problem between the US and Mexico?
• In the time of Wilsons presidency, the US had a
  problem recognizing the government of Mexico that
  was led by General Victoriano Huerta.

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• Why did General Pershing lead American forces
  into Mexico?
• The reason is because the US was being attacked
  by Mexican rebels led by Pancho Villa.

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• Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and
  puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
• Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
  Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against
  Huerta.
• The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz
  and Huerta fled the country.
• Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

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Zapata
Pancho Villa
Carranza
Diaz
Francisco Madero
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• The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
• Spread democracy.
• Promote peace.
• Condemn colonialism.

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General John J. Pershing captures Pancho Villa in
1914.
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