Control of Road Dust

1
Control of Road Dust

• By
• Wongpun Limpaseni
• Associate Professor, Department of Environmental
  Engineering
• Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
• Bangkok, THAILAND
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution
  From Plan to Action
• February 12-14, 2001. United Nations Conference
  Center, Bangkok, Thailand

2
Control of Road Dust

• Contents
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Present Situation
• 3. Effectiveness of Present Program
• 4. Recommendation on Control Strategy
• 5. Action Plan
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

3
Introduction

• Three most important sources of PM10 in Bangkok
• road dust, industrial, vehicle emission
• Total PM10 emission in 2000 equals 60,000 ton
  per year
• Road cleaning is the most cost-effective measures
  in controlling dust
• BMA spend 82 million Baht and collected 25,000
  cu.m. dust from the roads in year 2000
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

4
Present Situation (1)

• Road Cleaning Operation
• by Public Cleansing Department and 50 district
  offices
• by private contractor in Thonburi Area
• Manual Method
• Mechanical Road Sweeper
• Washing with Water
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

5
(No Transcript)
6
Present Situation (2)

• Institutions
• Sources of road dust
• construction of buildings
• road construction
• utility works
• Agencies concerned
• BMA, Police, utility companies, mass transit
  companies
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

7
Present Situation (3)

• Laws and Regulations
• BMA
• Pollution Control Department
• Problems
• Pollution emitters
• law enforcers, laws and regulations
• co-ordination of construction works
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

8
Effectiveness of Present Program

• Amount of dust on road surface
  (Table 1)
• Resource, labor and cost in road cleaning
  (Table 2 and 3)
• Pilot project
• to determine effectiveness of different methods
  of road cleaning
• to evaluate private contractor for road cleaning
  operation
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

9
Table 1 Dust and Silt Loading on Paved Roads in
Bangkok, 1996
Source Wongpun Limpaseni, private communication
10
Table 2 Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers owned
by BMA  
11
Table 3 Activity Report of Mechanical Road
Sweepers, April 1999  
  Note Report received from 21 districts out of
41 districts
12
(No Transcript)
13
Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (1)

• Comparing dust and silt loading on road surface
  before and after road cleaning
• Comparing different mechanical road sweepers with
  manual labor and washing with water
• Evaluate private contractor road cleaning
  operation
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

14
Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (2)

• BMA road cleaning efficiency total dust silt
• manual labor 15 6
• large sweeper , large road 21 12
• medium sweeper, small road 64 68
• small sweeper, small road 54 51
• washing, large road 38 31
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

15
Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (3)

• Private contractor efficiency total dust silt
• medium sweeper, large road 38 32
• medium sweeper, small road 68 66
• washing, large road 55 57
• washing, small road 60 74
• (Table 4 and 5)
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

16
 
Table 4 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on
Total Dust Loading
17
Table 5 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on
Silt Loading
18
Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (4)

• BMA dust remains (g/sq.m.) total dust silt
• manual labor 2.11 0.28
• large sweeper , large road 2.44 0.59
• medium sweeper, small road 3.15 0.34
• small sweeper, small road 2.98 0.42
• washing, large road 0.84 0.12
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

19
Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (5)

• Private contractor dust remains total dust silt
• (g/sq.m.)
• medium sweeper, large road 3.42 0.85
• medium sweeper, small road 3.56 0.53
• washing, large road 3.47 0.72
• washing, small road 1.37 0.19
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

20
Recommendation on Control Strategy (1)

• Improve safety, health and working condition of
  human sweepers
• monitor and record safety data, health and
  compensation
• Improve record on road cleaning expenditure and
  effectiveness
• e.g. expense per hour or kilometer of road
  cleaned or ton of dust collected
• expand privatization program on road cleaning
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

21
Recommendation on Control Strategy (2)

• Strict enforcement of good construction practice
  and proper transportation of materials
• Better co-ordination in construction work on any
  particular road among utility companies and BMA
• Pave or greening of road shoulders, sidewalks and
  median strips
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

22
Basis for Action Plan

• Recommendation for cost-effective cleaning of
  roads
• sweep twice a week
• wash with water twice a week a day or two after
  sweeping
• Assumption on costs
• sweeping cost 600 Baht per kilometer of road
• washing cost 1,000 Baht per kilometer of road
• Feasibility study of piping cleaning water
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust

23
Action Plan

• Privatization plan on road cleaning
• Year Cost per year
• Thonburi area 76 roads 128 km 2002 21.3 M
• Outer Bangkok 138 roads 207 km 2003-2004 55.8
  M
• Inner Bangkok 330 road 208 km
  2005-2006 90.4 M
• Total 544 roads 543 km 313.7 M for 5
  years
• Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution,
  February 12-14, 2001 Control of
  Road Dust