Late 18th c. colonies

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Late 18th c. colonies

• Bourbon reforms to taxation and trade
• Labor conditions in late 18th c. colonies
• Consolidating authority
• administration, military, Jesuits expelled
• Colonial response
• Indigenous uprisings
• Rise of Creole Nationalism (Enlightenment)
• Igniting revolution from Europe, 1793-1812

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Bourbon reforms after 1760

• To encourage economic development revenue
  generation
• Opened legal trade btwn more Spanish American
  ports
• Reduced simplified duties 
• Permitted trade within colonies of domestic
  goods 
• Trade btwn Spain Americas increased 7x

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Growth without Development

• Mineral ag resources extracted to Europe
• Manufactured goods from Europe outcompeted
  American industry
• Increased production through extensive,
  inefficient land use, not tech improvements

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Mexican textile workshops

• Every workshop resembles a dark prison. The
  doors, which are double, remain constantly shut,
  and the workmen are not permitted to quit the
  house. Those who are married are only allowed to
  see their families on Sunday. All are
  unmercifully flogged, if they commit the smallest
  trespass on the order established in the
  manufactory. A. von Humboldt, 1803

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Latin America Before Independence
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Intendancy system, 1784

• Provincial governors with autonomy from Viceroys
  in regional capitals
• to encourage local econ development
  infrastructure
• Corregidores repartimiento eliminated 
• New subdelegados not much better, in dealing with
  native communities

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fuero militar

• Military privileges, sometimes extended to
  officers families
• exempt from civil law military courts estd.
• Result privileged military class
• root of military autonomy
• evident in coups dictatorships 

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Jesuits expelled, 1767

• elevated papal authority over monarchs
• increasingly influential as educators
• wealthy, at time when Crown resources were
  stretched
• Outcome estates transferred to crown

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Late 18th c. colonies

• Bourbon reforms to taxation and trade
• Labor conditions in late 18th c. colonies
• Consolidating authority
• administration, military, Jesuits expelled
• Colonial response
• Indigenous uprisings
• Rise of Creole Nationalism (Enlightenment)
• Igniting revolution from Europe, 1793-1812

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José Gabriel Condorcanqui
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Tupac Amaru, 1780-81

• Against abusive Spanish institutions
• payment labor demands of repartimiento
• abuses of corregidores
• intensified Potosí mining mita
• miserable working conditions in mines textile
  mills
• 1780 executed corregidor
• declared self king Tupac Amaru II

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Tupac Amarus goals

• Anticolonial mvmt., for national economic
  development
• independent Peruvian state on European lines,
  including Catholic church
• harmonious society of creoles, mestizos,
  indigenous black Peruvians
• Indigenous peasants used rebellion to redress
  longstanding grievances.