Maturing Colonies

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Maturing Colonies

• Purpose To gain an understanding of
• How three distinct cultural regions matured
• New England
• Chesapeake (Southern)
• Middle
• Important developments in colonial society
• Political
• Economic
• Social
• The evolution of colonial slavery
• Colonial conflicts grow as population pressure
  grows
• East Coast elite vs Western frontier
• Ethnicity
• Religious
• Timeframe ca. 1660-1760

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Population growth always results in cultural
conflict(esp. heterogeneous pop. growth)
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Natural Increase in the Colonies
New england is credited with inventing
GRANDPARENTS.
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The chief PURPOSE of the Navigation Acts was to

1. ensure the prosperity of the colonies
2. enrich the mother country of England
3. promote non-enumerated goods
4. regulate trade between England and the European
   continent

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The chief PURPOSE of the Navigation Acts was to

1. ensure the prosperity of the colonies
2. enrich the mother country of England
3. promote non-enumerated goods
4. regulate trade between England and the European
   continent

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• In the 18th century, the colonial population grew
  immensely.
• 1700 250,000
• 1775 2.5 million
• Doubled every 20-25 years.
• Fastest population growth of its time.
• Much of this growth due to surplus of births over
  deaths natural increase.
• It was also due to massive immigration (including
  forced immigration)

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What did the unique environment of New England
invent?

1. Morality
2. the family
3. Grandparents
4. Tolerance
5. Crime

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Your text said that the unique environment of New
England "invented"

1. Morality
2. the family
3. Grandparents
4. Tolerance
5. Crime

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Immigrant Groups

• Immigration also contributed to population growth
  in the 18th century.
• English and Welsh were still important, but other
  European groups arrive (Esp. the Middle Colonies)

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COLONIAL CHARACTERISTICS

• The Colonial Population 
• Changing Sources of Immigration 
• Scotch-Irish (purple)
• German (mauve)
• Dutch (blue-green)
• African (yellow)
• English (light yellow)

Immigrant Groups In Colonial America
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Diversity through Immigration
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Which of the following was NOT a symptom, nor a
cause of growing colonial tensions before 1700

1. the Glorious Rebellion
2. Bacon's Rebellion
3. Slave Revolts
4. Salem Witch Trials

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Which of the following was NOT a symptom, nor a
cause of growing colonial tensions before 1700

1. the Glorious Rebellion
2. Bacon's Rebellion
3. Slave Revolts
4. Salem Witch Trials

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Social Cleavages Conflict

• Class Conflict
• Bacons Rebellion, 1675-6, Western Virginia
• Western homesteaders vs. coastal town-dwellers
• Ethnic differences Germans, Dutch, French
• Slavery
• Urbanization and Elitism
• Religion
• Politics, Economics, Education

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1. What do we know about class?

• Different ways to view class
• Class as control of the means of production
• Marxist view
• Erik Wright's view
• (Skills, ownership, authority)
• Class as culture and social networks
• Class as inequalities in wealth and income

• We can combine these perspectives and define
  class as differences in
• Economic Capital
• Cultural Capital
• Social Capital
• Human Capital
• Wealth
• Class leads to differences in opportunity and
  rewards for the same effort

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The frontier of colonial society was

1. the Appalachian Mountains
2. the Piedmont
3. always moving west
4. bounded by rivers

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The frontier of colonial society was

1. the Appalachian Mountains
2. the Piedmont
3. always moving west
4. bounded by rivers

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Tidewater
Piedmont
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Bacon's Rebellion arose from backcountry
discontent with Governor Berkeley's

1. Indian policy
2. lower class opposition to import duties
3. tidewater discontent with Berkeley's dictatorial
   style
4. tidewater resentment of the Navigation Acts

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Bacon's Rebellion arose from backcountry
discontent with Governor Berkeley's

1. Indian policy
2. lower class opposition to import duties
3. tidewater discontent with Berkeley's dictatorial
   style
4. tidewater resentment of the Navigation Acts

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Bacons Rebellion

• 1646 Governor Berkeley agreed to a set border
  with Susquehanna Indian chiefs but was unable to
  enforce it. Illegal English squatters led to
  Indian complaints of encroachment on their land.
• Because of how the Royal Governors were paid,
  Berkeley relied on his trade monopoly with the
  Indians for his wealth
• Constant conflict between Natives and squatters
  (escaped Blacks, ex-Indentured Servants, runaway
  servants, malcontents). Berkeley always sided
  with the Indians

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Nathaniel Bacon

• Bacon - profligate son of a well-to-do East
  Anglican family, arrived in Virginia in 1674 with
  fortune of 1800
• related to Berkeleys wife, given a seat on the
  executive council, settled upriver, rather than
  remaining in Jamestown
• regarded by many of the older settlers in
  Virginia as something of a parvenu/nouveau riche,
  found acceptance in society hard to come by.

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Bacons Rebellion

• When war erupted where Bacon resided, local
  frontiersmen called on Bacon to lead them.
• Bacon had grievances against the old elite, yet
  also well connected, wealthy and a man of status
  himself empathized with local concerns
• Bacon led the southsiders against Indians,
  ignored Berkeleys order to leave Indians alone.
  Berkeley could not afford to ignore this threat
  to his authority, declared Bacon a rebel, regular
  Virginian militia was sent to stop him, but Bacon
  defeated it and took Jamestown.
• Bacon supported by most Virginians, troops were
  supplied by local families. Berkeley was
  expelled, and the assembly was called, probably
  with the intention of implementing a wide ranging
  series of political reforms (Bacons Manifesto),
  but Bacon died of dysentery. Without Bacon to
  lead it, his rebellion quickly subsided.

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New England AGRICULTURE was shaped by all of the
following except

1. a short growing season
2. Puritan beliefs
3. rocky soil
4. Puritan desire to own small farms
5. large demand by Europe for its produce

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New England AGRICULTURE was shaped by all of the
following except

1. a short growing season
2. Puritan beliefs
3. rocky soil
4. Puritan desire to own small farms
5. large demand by Europe for its produce

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Historiography

• Edmund Morgan instability on frontier, mixing
  of freed servants, blacks, Indians taxes high,
  discontent over spending priorities, so rebellion
  a symbol of class conflict
• Bailyn, - lower death rates and immigration of
  royalists meant social mobility declining.
  Establishment of FFVs (Fitzhughs, Lees,
  Washingtons, Byrds) meant that even someone of
  Bacons background was excluded.
• Webb, sees Bacon as popular democratic hero,
  struggling against tyranny failure leads to
  end of American Independence

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Before 1700, the Chesapeake region was growing by
natural increase

1. True
2. False

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Before 1700, the Chesapeake region was growing by
natural increase

1. True
2. False

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Aftermath

• English government sent to troops to quell
  uprising, but Virginia at peace long before they
  arrived.
• London authorities recalled Berkeley,
  acknowledging that he had mismanaged the whole
  situation.
• New governor implemented some reforms, but also
  hit rebels hard, executing leaders and
  imprisoning others - sending message that
  rebellion was never justified, no matter what the
  provocation.
• The long term effect for Indians was that the
  frontier was again pushed back.
• TRANSITION TO SLAVE LABOR.

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To control their growing slave population the
colonials did all the following EXCEPT

1. decrease the workload
2. outlaw reading in many areas
3. accept the Barbados "Slave Codes"
4. increase the number of slaves held

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To control their growing slave population the
colonials did all the following EXCEPT

1. decrease the workload
2. outlaw reading in many areas
3. accept the Barbados "Slave Codes"
4. increase the number of slaves held

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2. Emergence of slavery

• In 1650 there were only 300 slaves in the
  Chesapeake
• Cheap price of slaves and their lifetime of
  servitude make them attractive
• No need to give slaves land
• 1672 African Royal Company

Growth of slavery

• Bacons Rebellion 1675
• Success with slaves in the Caribbean
• By 1700 there 15,000 slaves in the Chesapeake

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African Population of British Colonies,
1620-1780
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What do we know about Race?

• Racial categories have no biological basis
• Racial categories and racial hierarchies are
  socially constructed
• Race was socially constructed as a justification
  for existing stratification and discrimination

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The Noel Hypothesis

• If two or more groups come together in a contact
  situation characterized by ethnocentrism,
  competition, and a differential in power, then
  some form of racial or ethnic stratification will
  result. (Noel, 1968163)
• If the contact situation has all three
  characteristics, some dominant-minority group
  structure will be created (Healey 200452).

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Old Slavery and New

• Slavery had traditionally existed in Africa,
  especially for criminals, war captives and
  debtors.

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• The first Africans arrived in North America in
  1619. Their status was as indentured servants.
• North American colonies codified slavery by the
  1660s.
• The new slavery was permanent, race-based, and
  inherited. It was also much harsher than the old
  African slavery.

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The Slave Trade

• In the late 15th century, Portuguese took over
  the slave trade, keeping a monopoly until 1600.

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• By the end of the slave trade in 1808,
  approximately 10 million Africans had been
  stolen.
• The transport itself was under incredibly cruel
  conditions.
• The slave trade was part of the same
  proto-capitalist logic that created colonial
  plantations and mercantilist trade patterns.

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• Colonial North American Slavery was different
  from South American and Caribbean because of
  natural increase, esp. after 1720.
• The main reason was a difference in labor usage.
• As slaves were increasingly-American born
  (creolization), cultural adaptation occured among
  the slaves.
• American-born slaves developed a distinct
  African-American culture that involved both
  elements of the slave owners culture and the
  many African cultures slaves were descended from.
• This process was reinforced by white society that
  defined practically anyone with dark skin as a
  slave.

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The region that contributed the most value from
exports during this period

1. Southern
2. New England
3. Middle
4. Western
5. Texas, one and invisible

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The region that contributed the most value from
exports during this period

1. Southern
2. New England
3. Middle
4. Western
5. Texas, one and invisible

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Slave Religion

• Slave took on many aspects of white society, such
  as the English language.
• They also retained many aspects of African
  cultures.
• For much of the colonial period, both blacks and
  whites resisted the efforts of a few missionaries
  to convert the slaves to Christianity.
• Most slaves clung to their traditional nature and
  ancestor oriented beliefs as best as they could
  some were Muslims.
• Only with the Great Awakening did the slaves
  convert to evangelical protestantism in any
  significant numbers.

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Slave Families

• The slave trade shattered families. 2nd and 3rd
  generation slaves strove to rebuild them.
• The continual threat of sale threatened family
  stability. Thus, slaves also relied on extended
  kinship networks.
• Where blood relationship did not exist,
  familiarity replaced family.
• Slave families became an integral part of
  African-American culture, providing comfort and
  dignity in adversity.

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Regional Differences of Slavery

• Slavery existed in all North American colonies,
  but it varied.
• Upper South tobacco, gang system
• Lower South rice, indigo, task system, Caribbean
  slave codes
• Middle Colonies and New England fewer slaves,
  urban slavery, domestic servants

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Relative Cost of Slave vs. Free Labor
BUT, one must first be able to afford the initial
costs
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Slave Society

• Being captured in the midst of life
• Auctioned off
• Middle passage
• Death and disease on boat
• Identity stripped
• By 1750 150,000 slaves in the Chesapeake
• Huge plantations ensures continued domination by
  FFVs and House of Burgesses (Slavocracy).
• Emergence of African-American culture

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3. Urbanization and Elitism

• The Colonial Economies
• The Rise of Colonial Commerce. An Emerging
  Merchant Class

The Triangular Trade
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Although much colonial trade flowed in a
triangular pattern (the New World to England to
West Africa and back), very few ships sailed the
"triangle" as a regular route.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

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Although much colonial trade flowed in a
triangular pattern (the New World to England to
West Africa and back), very few ships sailed the
"triangle" as a regular route.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

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Urbanization and Elitism

• The Colonial Economies  
• The Southern Economy
• Tobacco Economy
• The Souths Cash-Crop
• Northern Economic and Technological Life
• Colonial Artisans and Entrepreneurs
• The Rise of Consumerism
• Class Differences
• Persistent Colonial Poverty

Selling Tobacco (American Heritage)
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Urbanization and Elitism

• Patterns of Society  
• Wealth Statistics
• Richest 10 controlled over 50 of wealth
• Boston 1700-1775 Poorest 30 controlled 2
• Power within the cities not countryside
• Legislative power in towns
• An Urban Revolution
• Today's Figures
• Richest 40 control 68 of wealth
• Poorest 40 control 15 of wealth

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Top 10 getting richer
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Colonial Elites

• The American Colonies developed a leadership
  group different from Europe.

• Money was more important than
• nobility for elite status.

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• Elites were native-born, well-off, most often
  merchants or planters.
• Esp. after 1720, colonial elites displayed their
  status very publicly through status symbols, such
  as clothes.
• Higher education (Harvard, Univ. Va., and various
  London schools) was also a hallmark of the elite.

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The Enlightenment in America

• Some of the elite also served as
  intellectual leaders, taking part in the
  process known as Enlightenment.

Benjamin Franklin
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• The Enlightenment stressed reason and empirical
  knowledge, scorning superstition and passion.
• Thinkers like Isaac Newton in science, and John
  Locke in politics were widely read.
• Some Enlightenment thinkers also embraced Deism,
  a rational religion.
• Americans such as Benjamin Franklin contributed
  major achievements.

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4. Religion
George Whitefield

• The First Great Awakening
• In the 1730s through the 1760s, a great religious
  revival spread through colonial America.

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First Great Awakening

• First Great Awakening was a reaction by religious
  leaders to the Enlightenment. Religious leaders
  saw the scientific method as a threat to their
  ministries
• George Whitefield an English evangelist who
  preached with the Wesleysfounders of Methodism
• Preached in the open airout of need
• Spoke to an average of 8000 people daily for a
  sold month in 1740
• Estimates are that he spoke directly to 80 of
  the entire colonial population

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Division and Discord

• Great Awakening divided people into the old
  believers and church members and the new
  converts who joined after the revivals
• In New England, they were known as old lights
  and new lights
• Old lights considered it all much ado about
  nothing and the new lights often became extreme

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Aftermath of the G.A.

• Sharp increase in church membershipespecially
  among the previously unchurched
• Increases were NOT sustained and the effect of
  the G.A. on church membership leveled off within
  five years
• Churches reached out to the weaker members of
  society (slaved and NAs)

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• This outreach was purely spiritual however and
  G.A. did not condemn slavery or the mistreatment
  of Indians in terms of land claims
• Led slave owners to include their slaves in bible
  study, family prayer and other forms of worship
• Majority of slaves accepted Christianity
• Great Awakening spurred the creation of new
  divinity schoolswere shut out of Harvard and
  Yale
• Princeton, Brown and Dartmouth were all a result
  of the G.A.
• New denominations were established, particularly
  Methodist and Baptist

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All of the following characterized the Middle
Colonies except

1. rapid population growth
2. political instability
3. general prosperity
4. relatively liberal laws
5. the greatest diversity of the 3 regions

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All of the following characterized the Middle
Colonies except

1. rapid population growth
2. political instability
3. general prosperity
4. relatively liberal laws
5. the greatest diversity of the 3 regions

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Religion (cont)

• Middle colonies
• Most Diverse Protestantism
• Presbyterian
• Meyhodist
• Quaker
• Baptist
• Most still had a state (tax) supported church
• Southern
• Anglican (state supported)
• New England
• Congregational (Non-Denominational)

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5. Politics, Economics, Education

• Thomas Paine, Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
  inspired by Enlightenment
• In politics the Enlightenment inspired by John
  Locke provided concepts like life, liberty and
  property, the concept of popular sovereignty
• In economics, Enlightenment supported free trade
• Education was affected by secular rationalism

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Politics, Economics, Education

• Emerging Culture  
• Literacy and Technology
• Increased Public Education
• Growing Interest in Science
• the Enlightenment
• Presses

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Politics, Economics, Education

• New England Colonies Pre-1650
• Economics - Limits of Geography
• small farms - rocky soil (90 of people, but only
  10 of production)
• short seasons
• manufacturing by hand - skilled craftsmen
• shipbuilding, timber, furs
• New England Colonies  Post 1650
• Economics Growth of Merchant Class and cities
  (Boston)

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Politics, Economics, Education

• NE Colonies
• Politics
• Never a COMPLETE theocracy, and declining Puritan
  power over time.
• Town Meetings (miniature Parliaments)
• Least Diversity
• Declining importance relative to Middle Colonies
• Education
• Effects of Old Deluder Act
• Public Education for boys girls to about 5th
  grade

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Politics, Economics, Education

• Southern Colonies
• Economics
• Plantation Society (tiny colony in itself)
• Large Farms of many square miles (coastal towns
  for shipping)
• society based on TOBACCO (South's gold
  silver)
• demanded large areas, used up land, hard on soil
• Politics
• sovereign/self sufficient "region
• House of Burgesses (Elitist and Aristocratic)
• Education
• tutors on plantations
• sons daughters sent to Europe
• poor public schools

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Politics, Economics, Education

• Southern Colonies
• Religion - Anglican - Church of England
• Political Control/Mild Theocracy
• Political
• Dominant individuals within the plantation system
  controlled government
• 1st representative government
• 1619 Virginia -House of Burgesses
• (Burgess - land/owner)
• Two house legislation
• governor appointed in England
• "Crown Control"

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Politics, Economics, Education

• Middle Colonies
• Politics
• Representative Democracy
• Land Ownership was easier to achieve
• Church influence minimal
• Economics
• Bread Basket Colonies
• Largest cities
• Banking and commercial center
• Education
• Highest literacy
• Highest degree of public tax supported education

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Colonial Politics
Virginia state capitol

• Colonial Elites also came to dominate colonial
  politics through a tradition of deference.

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• Political systems varied, but typically included
  a governor, a council and an assembly.
• A strong tradition of self-government emerged.
• Voting was limited to property-holding white
  males, but was much more widespread than in
  England because of access to land.

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Conclusion

• Overall process of colonial maturity. In only 100
  to 150 years from desperate settlers fighting for
  survival to full-blown complex societies,
  economically dynamic and with a tradition of
  considerable self-government.
• At same time, a mother-child metaphor was widely
  used for colonial-imperial relationship. Trouble
  is built-in what happens when the child grows
  up?
• The stage is set for colonial-imperial
  (mother-child) relationship to begin splintering.