Chapter 18: The 18th Century: European States, International Wars and Social Change

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Chapter 18 The 18th Century European States,
International Wars and Social Change

• Economic Expansion and Social Change

2
Growth of Population

• Slowly, but steadily
• Decline in death rate
• More food
• Better food
• Better transportation of food
• End of bubonic plague
• Still many diseases
• Typhus
• Smallpox
• Influenza
• dysentery

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EFFECTS OF THE POPULATION EXPLOSION

• Industrial Revolution required rapid expansion of
  labor supply consumers
• Europeans became younger - more young adults
  children
• Expanded markets, but
• Older generations could not keep up with
  facilities necessary to meet expanding
  populations (housing, educational facilities,
  hospitals, etc.)

4
Childcare

• Traditional
• lower class breastfeed
• Upper hired wet nurses
• Children are tiny adults

• Changes (some due to Emile)
• Childhood as own phase, comfy clothes increased
  survival
• All are important, not just 1st son
• Breastfeeding of own children increased

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Childcare continued

• Lower Classes still suffered
• Many had to many children and did the unthinkable
• Law in Austria that no child under 5 could sleep
  in parents bed
• Foundling homes grew
• Largest in St. Petersburg
• Mortality rates sometimes 90 as they became
  overburdened

• English were the first to make toys just for kids
• Jigsaw puzzles
• Little Pretty Pocketbook (aimed to teach and
  play)
• Aimed at upper class

6
Marriage and Birthrate

• Unless wealthy people married in mid/late 20s to
  afford own home
• Illegitimacy was low in 1st half of 1700s, but
  grew in 2nd half
• Birthrate
• 1st in 1year of marriage with 1 each 2 or 3 years
  after average of 5
• Upper class English and French used birth control
  (coitus interruptus) and average declined from 6
  to 3
• 40 of fertile women were unmarried at any given
  time
• Children helped work in working class families

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AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
England in the lead
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MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

• Growth of Commercial Agriculture
• Crop rotation lie fallow (unused)
• Beginning in low-countries (Netherlands) 1700s
• More efficient use of crop rotation
• After soil depletion crop plant soil restoring
  crops - like clover.

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Charles Turnip Townsend

• 1725 1767 (English)
• Soil loosening large root plant
• 4 crop rotation wheat, turnips, barley, clover
  (replaced fallow fields)
• Learned how to use fertilizers in sandy soil
• New crops supplied animal fodder

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NEW CROPS

• Tomatoes, potatoes, sugar beets
• From Americas
• Tomatoes Potatoes increased vitamin and caloric
  level of Europeans diets
• One acre of potatoes feed a peasant his
  family for a year
• Famine of 1846 Ireland and northern Europe
• Sugar beets vitamins, calories and sweets ended
  dependence on American sugarcane)

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Use And Breeding Of Stock

• Certain rotation of crops valuable food for farm
  stock
• Enclosed pens eases fertilizer collection
• Raises crop yield
• No need to slaughter animals in fall
• More advances in breeding improved quality
  supply of meat
• Robert Bakewell (1725 1795) pioneered new
  methods of animal husbandry which produced more
  milk meat.

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New Inventions

• Jethro Tull
• 1674 1741
• Wealthy landowner
• Iron plow
• Seed drill
• Charles Newbold cast-iron plow
• John Deere self-cleaning plow
• Reaper Cyrus McCormack

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New Means of Land Organization

• English Enclosure Movement
• Commercial sheet farming
• 200 years before Industrial Revolution
• mid-1700s commercial (capitalist) farming
• In 50 years two million acres enclosed
• Many independent farmers reduced to tenant farming

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New Methods of Finance

• Gold and Silver decline
• shortage new public and private banks begin
  use of paper notes credit expands
• Bank of England 1694
• Begins making loans (instead of just deposits and
  currency exchange)
• Paper notes backed by its credit
• National debt is now separate from Monarchs
  (leads to larger armies and government programs)
• Still Risky
• Investments in colonial enterprises
• French company of John Law had price driven to
  high and went bankrupt French didnt want to
  trust paper notes slower economic growth
• Great Britain
• Borrowed a lot at low interest advantage over
  France
• Dutch still leading until 1800s

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Supplemental Income ? Cottage Industries
Putting-Out System
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The Putting-Out System
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The spinning jenny
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Advantages of the Putting-Out System

• Peasants could supplement their agricultural
  incomes.
• Take advantage of winter months when farming was
  impossible.
• Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often
  demanding regulations of urban labor.
• Easier to reduce the number of workers when the
  economy was bad.
• Merchants could acquire capital, which would
  later play a part in funding industrialization
  itself.
• Peasants acquired future skills.
• Young people could start separate households
  earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

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Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System??

• When demand rose which it did in the 18c
  this system proved inefficient.
• Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce
  peasant-workers to increase their output.

• This dilemma eventually led to the factory
  system
• All the workers were concentrated in one place
  under the supervision of a manager.
• Water or steam power could easily be applied
  there.

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Apprentices at Their LoomsWilliam Hogarth, 1687
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Textile Innovations
The flying shuttle
Water frame spun yarn faster Mechanical looms
(workers feared being replaced)
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The water frame by Richard Arkwright