South Africa and Climate Change

1
South Africa and Climate Change
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Economy

• Middle-income, emerging market with and abundant
  supply of natural resources
• Well developed financial, legal, communications,
  and energy and transport sectors
• 10th largest stock exchange in the world
• Modern infrastructure supporting an efficient
  distribution of goods to major urban centers
  throughout the region

3
Poverty

• Apartheid- dual society
• 25.2 of population is unemployed (2000)
• 50 of population living below poverty line
• Exacerbates health risks malaria, TB, HIV
• 21.5 of the population is infected with HIV
• By 2010, 21.7 of the adult population is
  expected to be infected with HIV
• Rapidly declining life expectancy
• Age dependency ration 64.4

4
International Cooperation

• UNFCC
• ratification August 1997
• Entry into force November 1997
• Kyoto Protocol
• Ratification July 2002
• Entry into Force February 2005

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GDP
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Carbon Dioxide Statistics

• 373 million metric tons of Carbon Dioxide from
  Energy
• 9.1 tons Carbon Dioxide per capita
• 3.2 tons Carbon Dioxide per dollar GDP
• Africa as a whole accounted for only 4 of 1998
  Carbon Dioxide Emissions

7
Natural Resources

• Formed historical base of economy
• Worlds largest percentages of reserves of ores
  of
• Manganese 80
• Chromium 68
• Platinum group metals 56
• Gold 39
• Mining is the most important earner of foreign
  exchange in the economy
• 1990s 41 of total exports
• 1997 mining industry contributed 8.9 to gross
  domestic fixed investment
• 1997 sales of primary mineral products account
  37.3 of total export revenue
• Coal is the third largest minerals export earner
• 5th largest producer
• 9.8 billion Rand in 1999
• Number of initiatives to build on and increase
  the economic benefits derived from domestic,
  regional and international tourism

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2000 Primary Energy Supply
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2000 Final Energy Use by Sector
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Total industrial sector business-as-usual process
emissions (1990 to 2030)
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Renewable Energy

• 1999 Renewable energy accounted for 9 of total
  energy use
• Mostly from fuel and dung
• White Paper
• Looked at potential for renewable energy sources
• Identified key resources
• Wind
• Biomass
• Hydro
• Solar
• Wave energy
• Ocean currents
• Energy from waste

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Barriers to Renewable Energy

• Expensive
• High initial investment
• Economic and social system of energy services
  based on centralized development
• Financial, legal, regulatory, and organizational
  barrier
• Lack of non-discriminatory open access to key
  energy infrastructure

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Energy Efficiency Strategy

• Goal to reduce emissions by 12 of
  business-as-usual predictions by 2014
• Improve the health of the nation
• Creation of jobs
• Energy Poverty Alleviation
• Reduced local Pollution
• Reduced Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• Improved Industrial Competitiveness
• Increased Energy Security
• Defer additional generation capacity

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Vulnerability

• Health Sector
• Water Resources
• Rangelands
• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Biodiversity

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Vulnerability

• Health Sector
• Malaria
• Environmental factors influence the distribution,
  transmission intensity, outcome, small-scale
  variation and seasonality
• Climate is considered the most important factor
  in limiting global distribution
• Expected extension of the malaria prone areas

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CDM

• Pushed for CDMs at COP8
• 2 projects registered (of 151 total projects)
• In continental africa-only four projects total
• Average Annual Reductions from CDMs 25,739

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Durban Landfill Gas to Energy Project

• First project in Africa
• Agreement between Druban and the World Bank
• Install 180 wells to capture methane from 3
  landfills
• 3.8m tonnes of CERs will be sold for 15m
• Reduces emissions in two ways

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Other Projects

• Cities for climate change
• Energy efficiency in 8 cities
• Coalbed Methane Outreach Program
• Capturing coal mine methane for energy production