CUIN 6371 Models of Teaching

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CUIN 6371Models of Teaching

• Fall, 2003
• Howard L. Jones
• Deductive Strategies
• David P. Ausubels Efforts

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Robert Gagnés Types of Learning

• Basic
• Signal Learning Stimulus Response
• Higher Order
• Concepts
• Rules/Generalizations
• Problem Solving
• Motor Skills
• Attitudes

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Concepts

• Oxymoron/Pleonasm
• Gerrymandering
• Parallel
• Soft
• Diagonal
• Verbs, adverbs, modifiers
• Model of Teaching

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Elements of a ConceptJerome Bruner

• Every Concept has
• 1. A name
• 2. Examples and Non-Examples
• (positives and negatives)
• 3. Attributes
• 4. Attribute Values
• (essential and non-essential)
• A RULE, then, is the statement of the essential
  attributes of the concept

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A Generalization

• has a broad level of application.
• contains two or more concepts.
• states the relationship which exists between
  (among) the concepts found in the generalization.

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• A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of
  two or more elements are at lower energy levels
  than they would be if they existed separately.
• A Spanish verb is like a good mystery it tells
  who did it and when.
• A season is an arbitrary period of time with
  distinctive features.
• When the ing ending is placed on words ending
  with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e
  is dropped.

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Searching for concepts and generalizations -Th
e work of Joel Barker
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Concepts Defined Generalizations
Concepts Rules Principles
Outcomes
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Information Processing

• Inductive - Jerome Bruner/
• Hilda Taba
• Deductive - David Ausubel
• Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman
• Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg
• Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas
• Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon

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If a teacher lectures in the middle of the forest
and nobodys there to listen, does he actually
make sense?
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• How to teach rules and generalizations
  DEDUCTIVELY (and effectively)
• The work of David Ausubel

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The Most Common The Guided Tour Teaching
Pattern Approach Providing Information
Verification of information Application of
Information (after Renner)
Deductive Teaching
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Ausubels Postulates

• Thinking can be taught
• But not like Tabas type -
• Deductive Thinking

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• A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of
  two or more elements are at lower energy levels
  than they would be if they existed separately.
• A Spanish verb is like a good mystery it tells
  who did it and when.
• A season is an arbitrary period of time with
  distinctive features.
• When the ing ending is placed on words ending
  with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e
  is dropped.

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Rule and Generalization Learning (including
Defined Concepts)

• Internal Conditions
• Mastery of component concepts

• External Conditions
• Teacher informs student what is expected
• Teacher invokes recall of component concepts
• Student makes statement in own words
• Student demonstrates in another situation
• Reinforcement

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David P. Ausubel

• Preconceptions are amazingly tenacious and
  resistant to extinction.
• Advance Organizers

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Basic Postulates

• Learning is more than passive listening
• Teacher must present generalizations that govern
  the meaningfulness of new information
• The purpose of teaching is to strengthen
  cognitive structures

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Elements of Ausubel Lessons

• Advance Organizer

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David P. Ausubel

• Advance Organizers - primary means of
  strengthening cognitive structures and enhancing
  retention of new information
• Introductory material presented ahead of the
  learning task and at a higher level of
  abstraction and inclusiveness than the learning
  task itself.

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Organizers, we have organizers
Concept Definition Landforms are land
surfaces that have characteristic shapes
and sizes. Analogy Two-paragraph comparison
between river systems and the bodys
circulatory system Generalization The more
technology and knowledge humans
possess, the less limiting are the
influences of nature on human life.
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Other Ausubelian Big Words include

• Subsumption
• Intellectual Scaffolding

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The Ever Popular Concept Map
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The more technology and knowledge humans possess,
the less limiting are the influences of nature on
human life.
Agriculture Resource
Manufacturing
Extractions Technology Persistent
Problems Irrigation Seed Energy
Fertilization Mechanization Transportation

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Deductive Processes
Generalization
data data data data data data
data data data conglomerate
conglomerate conglomerate
data data data data data data data data
conglomerate data
data data data data data data data data
data data data data data data data
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Deductive Processes
Generalization
data data data data data data
sub- sub- sub- generalization
generalization generalization
data data data data data data data sub
generalization data
data data data data data data data data
data data data data data data data
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Deductive Processes
Advance Organizer
data data data data data data
Integrative Integrative Integrative
Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation
data data data data data data data
Integrative Reconciliation data
data data data data data data data data
data data data data data data data
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Elements of Ausubel Lessons

• Advance Organizer
• Integrative Reconciliation
• Progressive Differentiation

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Advance Organizer Progressive
Progressive Progressive Differentiation
Differentiation Differentiation Integrative
Reconciliation Progressive
Progressive Progressive Differentiation
Differentiation Differentiation Integrative
Reconciliation Progressive
Progressive Progressive Differentiation
Differentiation Differentiation Integrative
Reconciliation
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Calendars
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Why do we need calendars anyway?
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• Calendars are affected not only by agricultural
  needs but also by religious and political concerns

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The Ancient Celts

• Recognized only two seasons - light and dark.
  This time of year was the beginning of what was
  called dark.

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Jewish Calendar
Nisan
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George Washingtons Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One
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George Washingtons Birthday Celebrations

• February 11, 1732
• (Band of Fourth Continental Army serenades him at
  Valley Forge in 1778)
• February 22, 1732
• (Generally observed from 1796)
• President's Day
• (Third Monday of February - P. L. 90-363
  effective 1971)

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• George Washington was first in war, first in
  peace
• And the first to have his birthday juggled to
  make a long weekend.
• -Ashley Cooper

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Early Roman Calendar

• Apparently borrowed from Greeks
• (Romulus founds Rome in 738 BCE)
• Ten months and 304 days
• (60 days in middle of winter ignored)
• Names of months
• (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis,
  Sextilis, September, October, November, December)
• Numa (452 BCE) adds January and February and a
  month called Mercedinus
• (22/23 days between February 23-24 every other
  year)

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Julian Calendar

• By 46 BCE winter occurs in September
• 46 BCE declared to have 445 days
• (the year of confusion)
• Every four years, February (which had 28 days)
  was given an additional day
• Every year thereafter to have 365 days
• Quintilis renamed July
• Sextilis renamed August
• Moved Beginning of Year to January 1
• 365 1/4 days but still 11 minutes,14 seconds
  longer than solar year
• Augustus Caesar ensures regulation by 8CE
• By 1580 the Spring Equinox fell on March 11,
  ten days earlier than it should

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Dionysius Exiguus ca. 525 CE

• Dates birth of Jesus and misses by at least four
  years

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Dont fool with the religious elements of the
calendar

• Mathematicians make mistakesTake Geronimo
  Cardano, a resident of strictly religious Italy
  in the 16th century. He tried running a horoscope
  on Jesus and wound up in prison.

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But

• By 1580 CE, the Spring Equinox fell on March 11,
  ten days before it should

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So what?

• Council of Nicea325 CE
• Easter celebrated on the Sunday nearest the 14th
  of Nisan (Passover)
• WHICH JUST HAPPENS TO BE
• first Sunday after the first full moon after the
  Spring Equinox

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Gregorian Calendar

• 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII
• Ten days dropped from October
• (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
• February gets an extra day in century years
  that can be divided by 400
• Difference between calendar and solar years now
  only in seconds
• Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted
  Gregorian calendar immediately
• German states adopt by 1700

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In 1640, when the first calendar was published
for the public..... Everyone knew that its
days were numbered.
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So why does George Washington have three
birthdays?
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George Washingtons Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One
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• In Islam, portions of 2002/3 are 1423 A.H.

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Calendars through the eyes of

• Jigsaw II

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Jigsaw II and Calendars Generalization
Calendars are affected not only by agricultural
needs but also by religious and political
concerns.

• Expert Teams focus on how the generalization
  holds or does not hold in the... Hebrew
  Calendar
• Lunar calendar
• Islamic Calendar Months (Tishri, Nisan ...)
• Portions of 2001/2002 are
  Day of Atonement ...
• 1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of
  Year 1
• RamadanEid, Haj
• Lunar calendar...
• Mayan Calendar
• Two kinds of calendars Chinese Calendar
  
• a sacred one of 260 days Emperor
  Huang-Ti invents
• and another -
  Naming of year - year of the ox, ...
• a solar calendar
  Chinese new year ...
• Lucky and unlucky days ...

Home Teams
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Lecturing is not always appropriate
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The case forand against

• Against Discovery
• 1. Takes too much time
• 2. Kids cant learn as much
• 3. They cant discover everything
• 4. What if they discover a wrong answer?

• For Discovery
• 1. Kids better remember and transfer
• 2. More and better interest
• 3. Kids learn to discover
• Heuristics

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When to Use.

• Direct (Expository) Teaching
• When time is limited
• When there are no readily available or easily
  understood materials

• Indirect Teaching
• When time is available for discovery and
  higher-order thinking
• When there is an abundance of understandable
  materials

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The Lecture Method is Appropriate When

• The objective is to present information
• Information is not available in accessible
  sources
• A particular organization is required
• You want to arouse interest
• An introduction must be made
• The information is original or must be integrated
  from different sources
• A summary or synthesis is required
• Alternative points or clarification are required
• Supplementary explanations are needed
• (after Good and Brophy, 1999 Gage and Berliner,
  1992 Henson, 1988)

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Ausubel Model Characteristics Interactive Deduct
ive Sequential Uses Examples Present
Present Advance Subordinate Organizer
Content Differentiate Ask for
Reconcile Subordinate or provide
Differentiated Material examples of
Material subordinate concepts
or generalizations
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Teaching

• Inductively and Deductively

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Information Processing models are designed to
assist students learn content at the same time as
they learn/practice thinking skills under the
guidance and direction of an active teacher.
Inductive Deductive Inquiry
Memory Creativity General Tabas
Concept Ausubels Suchmans Science
Synectics Inductive Attainment Model
Inquiry Inquiry Model Model
Training
Models Developmental
Models (Kohlberg, Piaget)
Mnemonics
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A Mental Movement Next Time.Memory and
Creativity

• Read the readings take the S-C Inventory.

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Experimentalism

• Education is life, not preparation for life
• Education is directly related to interests of the
  child
• Learning is best accomplished through problem
  solving
• The teachers role is not to direct but to advise
• Schools should encourage cooperation rather than
  competition
• Only democracy permits in fact, encourages -
  the free interplay of ideas and personalities,
  both of which are required for true growth
• Lloyd Duck, Teaching With Charisma.

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At Odds with Essentialism

• Learning, by its nature, involves hard work and
  often unwilling application
• The initiative lies with the teacher
• The heart of the educational process is the
  absorption of prescribed subject matter
• The school should retain traditional methods of
  mental discipline
• Lloyd Duck, Teaching With Charisma.