Respiratory System

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Respiratory System
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Review of Structure and Function
Structure nasal cavity pharynx trachea bronc
hi lungs alveoli
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Review of Structure and Function
Ventilation How Negative pressure Expand
Thoracic Cavity contract respiratory
muscles diaphragm intercostals
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Measuring Ventilation Spirometry
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Age Related Changes
Little change in resting respiratory function
Decrease capacity to perform physical
activity metabolic (muscle) ? Cardiovascular
? Respiratory ? All play a role Normal Aging
vs. Pathology ?
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Age Related Changes
Airway (Trachea/ Bronchi) - cartilage undergoes
progressive calcification epithelium, decrease
activity of cilia (less efficient
cleaning) Mucus thicker- narrows
airways Alveoli - age-related changes in
collagen and elastin fibers- protein cross
linkage collagen elastin increases loss of
epithelial cells - decrease surface
area approx. 3 sq. ft./ year. Accelerated by
smoking, environ. toxicants
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Age Related Changes
Lungs- functional changes decreased
compliance decline in functional lung
volumes e.g. FEV/min. O2 Sat in pulmonary
Vein Dec. Regulation - less sensitive to
decrease in O2 and increase in CO2 Kyphosis-
hunchbacked decreases lung volumes
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Age-Related Dysfunctions
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) age-related changes accelerated by
environ. Weezing, coughing, increase
sputum Emphysema - chronic inflammation
(bronchitis) decreased surface area decreased
elastin, passive exhalation difficult active
contraction, devel. barrel chest increased
mucus, persistent cough decreased blood
oxygenation (cyanosis)
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Normal
Emphysema
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Age-Related Dysfunctions
Pneumonia- bacterial (Pneumococcus) viral
(usually influenza virus) nocosomial infections
(E. coli and Enterobacter) Tuberculosis - 1,700
deaths/ yr. Immune compromized and
elderly Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pulmonary
Embolism - embolus in pulmonary artery more
common in elderly immobility, thrombi