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Social Movements

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Special event draws attention to our issue. History of Theory ... Network News: Walter Cronkite. ACLU. Jewish immigrants. Deep commitment to others' rights ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Social Movements


1
Social Movements
  • Weeks 14-15 in Syllabus

2
Social Movement
  • Ongoing organization of people working to achieve
    a common political goal outside the normal
    electoral political process

3
Three Ingredients for a Social Movement
  • Grievance
  • Resources
  • Frame

4
Grievance
  • Perceived Wrong
  • Not Addressed by Politics as Usual

5
Resources
  • Tools of Power
  • People
  • Organization
  • Money
  • Leadership
  • Connections (allies)

6
Frame
  • Define the Issue
  • Identify an Opportunity
  • Calls to Action
  • At least 3 levels

7
History of Theory
  • Theory seeks to understand when and why social
    movements emerge.
  • Early Social Movements focus on Grievance.
  • People mobilize when their grievance was severe
  • Does this work?
  • Do those with the most severe problems mobilize
    social movements?

8
History of Theory
  • Resource Mobilization Theory 1960s and 1970s
  • Not the grievance, but the access to new
    resources explains social movements
  • People mobilize when they can.
  • New resources make them more able to mobilize, so
    they do.
  • Reasonable?

9
History of Theory
  • US Theory Political Opportunity Structure
    Theory 1980s and 1990s
  • Yes, resources matter, but we also need to look
    at opportunities.
  • People mobilize when something creates a window
    of opportunity.
  • Change in environment
  • New political situation
  • Special event draws attention to our issue

10
History of Theory
  • European Theory New Social Movements School
    1980s and 1990s
  • Resources matter, but how an issue is articulated
    matters more.
  • Movements arise when leaders can Frame the
    issue in a way that resonates with peoples
    emotions
  • How the issue is pitched makes all the difference
  • Leadership matters
  • Not only defining the issue
  • Also articulating an appropriate response is
    crucial.

11
My Synthesis
  • Three Ingredients for a Social Movement
  • Grievance
  • Resources
  • More is better
  • New is better

12
My Synthesis
  • Three Ingredients for a Social Movement Cont.
  • Frame
  • Leaders must articulate an effective Frame
    define the issue in a moving way
  • Leaders must identify and publicize an
    opportunity
  • Why is it possible to win now, and perhaps only
    now when it usually is not possible
  • Leaders must articulate a coherent Call to Action
    to involve all possible supporters at least 3
    levels
  • Difficult, costly, and dangerous for the zealots
  • Costly but safe for the committed with a real
    life
  • Easy, low-risk, low-cost for the casual supporter

13
Social Movement Case Studies
  • Civil Rights Movement
  • Time frame 1958- 1970
  • Grievance
  • Racial Discrimination
  • Segregation Jim Crow Laws
  • Unequal treatment

14
Civil Rights Movement
  • Grievance
  • Is this the worst time in US history for African
    Americans?
  • Why mobilize now?
  • Early theory not so helpful

15
Civil Rights Movement
  • Resources Whats new?
  • Post WWII Blacks in America
  • Higher education levels (GI Bill)
  • Better Jobs
  • Higher Incomes
  • Post WWII Organization
  • Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)
  • NAACP stronger
  • College Student Organizations

16
Civil Rights Movement
  • Resources Whats new?
  • Allies in Post WWII
  • US President not hostile (Eisenhower, Kennedy,
    Johnson)
  • Executive branch allies Bobby Kennedy, etc.
  • US Supreme Court supportive
  • 1948 Shelley V Kraemer
  • 1954 Brown V Board of Education, etc.

17
Civil Rights Movement
  • Resources Whats new?
  • Network News
  • Walter Cronkite
  • ACLU
  • Jewish immigrants
  • Deep commitment to others rights
  • White student movements
  • Etc. too numerous to cover here.

18
Civil Rights Movement
  • Resources Whats new?
  • Leadership
  • SCLC leaders, esp. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Other leaders Malcolm X, etc.

19
Civil Rights Movement
  • Frame Define the issue
  • Segregation/discrimination is Un-American
  • I have a dream that one day this great nation
    shall live up to its creed We hold these
    truths to be self-evident, that all men are
    created equal
  • Diagnosed a collective Cognitive Dissonance

20
Civil Rights Movement
  • Frame Identify an opportunity
  • Recognized changing culture
  • Recognized new allies
  • Recognized Supreme Courts new tone
  • Jumped on Rosa Parks protest and the spontaneous
    boycott

21
Civil Rights Movement
  • Frame Call to action
  • Peaceful civil disobedience
  • Borrowed from ???
  • Boycotts
  • Sit-ins
  • Rallies
  • Confrontational stuff for the Zealots
  • Protests deliberately staged when they would
    provoke violent responses in front of TV cameras
  • Many were beaten
  • Some were killed
  • Many were jailed

22
Civil Rights Movement
  • Frame Call to action middle level
  • Request help from ACLU
  • Request help from Ladies Auxiliaries in local
    congregations and other committed people with
    real lives
  • Pack lunches
  • Make jail visits
  • Be witnesses to law violations
  • Donate money

23
Civil Rights Movement
  • Frame Call to action middle level
  • Request assistance from government officials
    outside the South
  • Request attention and coverage of real and
    dramatic news for broadcast nationally

24
Civil Rights Movement
  • Frame Call to action Low level
  • Ask for small donations
  • Ask for letters to Congress
  • Ask for votes during elections

25
UC Berkeley Fair Housing
  • Coming Case study
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