Spanish America Chapter 1 Section 2 Impact of Columbus

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Spanish America

• Chapter 1 Section 2

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Impact of Columbus discovery

• When did Columbus set sail?
• Where did Columbus sail from?
• What were the names of the ships?
• Why did Columbus set sail?
• Where was he going? Why?
• How did the journey go? Did he achieve what he
  was wanting to achieve?

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Impact on Native Americans

• Europeans were learning of the profitability of
  the plantation system relying on what?
• Economic benefit of using local forced labor
• Disease Europeans, unknowingly brought
  measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus and
  others.
• The local people had no built-up natural immunity
  to these diseases yet.

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Impact on Africans

• With decline of native work force, labor was
  needed from elsewhere.
• Slave trade exploded, especially in Western
  Africa
• Over the next 300 years (1500-1800) almost 10
  million people were taken

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Impact on Europeans

• Europeans began to cross the Atlantic creating
  one of the largest voluntary migrations in world
  history.
• Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in
  Europe causing conflict.
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
• Growth of trade markets completely changed the
  world FOREVER.

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Columbian Exchange

• New World cropsmaize (corn), vanilla,white/swee
  t potatoes,squash (incl. pumpkin),
  manioc/cassava,
• tobacco,peanuts,tomatoes,pineapples,papaya,a
  vocados 

• Old World cropsrice, wheat, barleyoats, rye,
  turnipsonions, cabbagelettuce,
  peachespears,sugar,
• olives,
• bananas

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Columbian Exchange

• New Worlddomesticatedanimalsdogsllamasguinea
  pigsfowl (a few species)

• Old Worlddomesticatedanimalsdogshorsesdonkeys
  pigscattlegoatssheepbarnyard fowl

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The Exchange can be positive or negative in its
effects

• In the exchange that started along the coast of
  Newfoundland and was made widespread by Columbus,
  disease was the most negative for the Native
  American population
• Fatality rate over a period of two to three
  generations was 95 for many tribal groups
• In some cases, as in the Mohegans case, the
  fatality rate could be 100

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Europeans believed that it was Gods will that
Indians died

• No germ theory at the time of contact.
• Illness in Europe was considered to be the
  consequence of sin
• Indians, who were largely heathen or
  non-Christian were regarded as sinners thus
  subject to illness as a punishment

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New World Microbes

• Not all pathogens traveled from Europe to the
  Americas
• Syphilis, polio, hepatitis and encephalitis were
  new world diseases
• African slaves were less vulnerable to European
  diseases than were Indians
• Europeans succumbed to Malaria easily

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Old World Diseases

• European disease was particularly virulent
• Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough,
  chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and
  influenza were the most common diseases
• Nearly all of the European diseases were
  communicable by air and touch.
• The pathway of these diseases was invisible to
  both Indians and Europeans

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Disease raced ahead of people

• In most cases, Indian peoples became sick even
  before they had direct contact with Europeans
• Trade goods that traveled from tribe to tribe
  though middlemen were often the source
• There is little or no evidence to think that
  Europeans intentionally infected trade items for
  trade with Indians to kill them

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Mainland outbreaks

• Diseases, especially smallpox, were transported
  from the Caribbean to the mainland by the Cortez
  expedition in the 1630s
• A sick African infected the Aztecs of Mexico City
• Incubation of smallpox is 14 daysthis causes the
  disease to spread over great distances
• Smallpox killed half the Iroquois populations in
  1738 and again in 1759
• Entire tribe of Mandans died during the winter of
  1837-1838

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Conclusion

• All of these exchanges then, of microbes, plants
  and animals had a dramatic effect on the
  environment of the New World, and by extension, a
  dramatic, and often negative effect on the
  economies and cultures of Indian peoples.