Title: Slavery and the Formation of the Atlantic World
1Slavery and the Formation of the Atlantic World
- Readings Spodek, pps. 486-490, 494-499, 547-548,
548-550
2Slavery and the Making of an Atlantic Economy
- Coastal Africans so wealthy from slave trade, can
keep Europeans out - Do allow Europeans to establish forts along coast
- Slaves collected at prisons in these forts for
overseas voyage - Portugal, Spain, England, France, the Dutch all
have forts
3Elmina Fort
4Atlantic Slave Trade
- 18th Century Alone
- 400,000 slaves imported into North America
- 1 million slaves imported into Spanish America
- More than 1 million slaves imported into the
Caribbean, including the French Caribbean (Saint
Domingue, Guadeloupe, Martinique) - More than 3 million slaves imported into Brazil
5Impact of Slavery
- Europeans became very wealthy from slave trade
alone - Africans became enchained
- Many Africans die before arrival and many more
very sick - The attitude towards slaves was worse than
animals - Dead/rebellious slaves thrown overboardslavers
collect insurance
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7Across the Ocean
- Used for Agricultural Labor on plantations
sugar, rum, cotton, coffee, tobacco, indigo,
cacao (chocolate) - Used also in mining (gold, silver, diamonds)
- Produced 1/3 of the Value of European commerce
8Saint Domingue (Haiti)
- Saint Domingue (Haiti) was maybe the worst
- Mostly produced sugar tobacco also important
- It was cheaper to work the slaves to death and
buy new ones than to take care of them - Main form of resistance creation of maroon
societies - It had heavy African influence
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10Society in Saint Domingue
- Much race mingling
- Much emancipation on the death of slave owner
- Rise of free wealthy landowning Mulattos
- General George Dumas-freed slave, father of
Alexandre - Wanted preservation of slavery
- Wanted to be treated as equals of white planters
- Whites, especially poor whites, hated them
11Brazil
- Similar to Saint Domingue
- 17th C Main crop sugar, cashasa
- 18th C gold, diamonds
- 19th C coffee
- Worked slaves to death
- Early Slave revolt where the slaves refused to
eat. - Many new Africans
- Constant revolts--quilimbos
- Much race mixing
- Slavery abolished in 1888.
12Engenho Site of Sugar Production
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16Prayer of St. Francis Bahian Chuches dedicated
to Saint Francis?
- Lord, make me an instrument of your peace, Where
there is hatred, let me sow lovewhere there is
injury, pardonwhere there is doubt,
faithwhere there is despair, hopewhere there
is darkness, lightwhere there is sadness, joy - How did Portuguese Christians reconcile their
religion with their treatment of slaves?
17Portuguese in the World Economy-Items found in
18th C Shipwreck Near Bahia
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20United Statesthe South
- Big croptobaccothe sot weed later cotton
- Rice introduced by Africans
- Encouraged slave breeding so there was less
direct African influence-few slave imports after
the 18th century - Compared to Saint Domingue and Brazil,
- Slave birth rates relatively high
- Slave death rates relatively low
21Was Slavery Better in the U.S.?
- Extreme open antipathy to race-mixing
- Anti-mescegination laws
- But .
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23Impact of Slavery in the Americas
- Ecology
- Rice introduced from Africa
- Medicinal/healing plants
- Economy
- Plantation economy new crops
- Language
- Pidgeon
- creole
24Religious Impact in the Americas
- Saint Domingue/Haiti Vudon
- Cuba, Spanish America
- Santeria
- Brazil
- Macumba, Condomble, Islam, Catholicism (African
Church Bahia) - U.S. South
- Methodist Episcopal Church, Gospel Churches
25Religious Syncretism in Brazil
- Creation of new hybrid beliefs joining African,
Christian, and perhaps some native religion - Slaves from West Africans identified their
deities (orixãs) with Christian saints - Yemaja spirit of the seas associated with the
Virgin Mary
26Xango God of Thunder
27African Influences in the Americas
- Dance Capoeira, Samba (Brazil), Tango
(Argentina), Salsa, Merengue - Music
- Reggae
- Much American folk music
- Blues
- Jazz
- Rock
- Hip Hop
- World Music
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30Slavery and Racism
- Renaissance paintings include Africans as
equals. - Race became linked with color in the Americas.
31How Europeans justified slavery?
- The Bible Curse of the Sons of Ham, Noahs son
descendants to be slaves of his brothers - Economy/ Property
- Civilizing Mission
- Growing Racism
32Forces to end slavery
- Abolitionist Movements
- Slave Revolts
- Quakers
- Some Enlightenment Thinkers
- Economically unprofitable?
- Wars
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