AP World History

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AP World History

• World History Outline of Big Picture Patterns

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8000 B.C.E. 1500 B.C.E.

• Man was gradually learning the skills that would
  lead to civilization
• Agricultural Revolution importance once man
  could control food source (domestication of
  plants (grain) and animals), only then could we
  move beyond hunter/gatherer.

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8000 B.C.E. 1500 B.C.E.

• Things to focus on with the Agricultural
  Revolution
• 1. Irrigation canals in Mesopotamia
  (technology), unpredictable flooding
  unpredictable religion.
• 2. Reliable flooding in Egypt Gift of the
  Nile, produces food surplus and stability.
  reliable religion
• 3. Indus River Valley monsoon produces
  unpredictable flooding, may have led to eventual
  decline.
• 4. Early China River Valley societies developed
  along similar lines.

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1750 B.C.E. 500 B.C.E

• Civilization becomes more complex
• Agriculture City-States specialization
  (careers)
• Classes Nobility/Priests, Commoners, slaves
• Kings Hammurabis Law Code. Rapid turn over in
  Mesopotamia (open), long dynasties in Egypt
  (protected)
• Trade along Nile, Mesopotamian products and
  cylinder seals found in Indus and Egypt.
  Obsidian from Catal Huyuk in Anatolia found
  hundreds of miles away.
• Religion Organized Priests and temples. Stable
  in Egypt, messy elsewhere (affect of environment).

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1750 B.C.E. 300 B.C.E

• Mediterranean Middle East
• Early Greeks (Minoan, Mycenaean establishing
  Med. Sea trading, later polis (city-states)
• Phoenicia expands sea trade, Carthage (Cultural
  diffusion)
• Israel monotheism
• Assyrians (bathed in blood), Diaspora of Jews
  (Cyrus of Persia allowed to return)(Migration
  patterns forced vs. religious motivated)

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500 B.C.E. 300 B.C.E.

• Persians establish huge trading empire with
  Royal Road for communication and safe travel.
  (Cultural Diffusion)
• Kings rule through a bureaucratic system of
  local rulers and religious tolerance. Cyrus the
  Great allows Jews to return to Jerusalem, rebuild
  temple.
• Establish many traditions throughout Middle East
  that can still be seen today.
• Persian Wars with Greece.

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500 B.C.E. 30 B.C.E.

• Greece develops independent city-states (polis).
  Athens direct democracy.
• Military Persian Wars Greek Hoplites/Phalanx
  prevent Persia from advancing west, later leading
  to Hellenistic culture influencing all of Western
  Civilization. (Cultural Diffusion)
• Alexander the Great defeats Darius/Persians
  establishing empire from Greece to India. Builds
  cities, libraries, museums, schools spreading
  Greek culture.
• Ptolemy Dynasty in Egypt continues Hellenism
  until Rome takes over.

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200 B.C.E. 200 C.E.

• Rise of Empires with strong centralized,
  bureaucratic governments.
• Two best examples Rome and Han Dynasty
• Both this time period is when they are at their
  height before decline.
• Both expand territory, develop extensive trade
  network throughout . Rome with roads, Han more
  with canals linking major rivers. (Cultural
  Diffusion)
• Lasting influence of both Greco/Roman culture
  will shape western civilization government and
  legal systems. (republic U.S.)
• Han Dynasty will establish the traditions that
  will shape all Chinese dynasties until the
  communist revolution in 1900s.

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300 B.C.E. 600 C.E.

• Trade Networks (all overland except Indian Ocean)
  expand across great distance spreading culture
  and ideas, esp. religion (Buddhism and
  Christianity).
• Silk Road Asia spreads Buddhism
• Indian Ocean Maritime System ruled by monsoon
  winds, sailing technology.
• Sahara and Sub-Saharan trade networks. Spreads
  culture, language, and technology across Africa,
  esp. through Bantu Migrations and Mali salt/gold
  trade.

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600 C.E. 1400 C.E.

• Clashes Among Different Cultures
• 600 1200 Rise and spread of Islam. Focus on
  Abbasid Caliphate, 661 C.E. 850 C.E., p. 203.
• 600 - 1200 Spread of Christianity through
  Byzantine, Kiev, Western Europe.
• 1095 1204 Crusades. Leads to lasting animosity
  between Europeans and Islam. Reestablishes trade
  networks with Europe.
• 1200 Mongols spread throughout Asia, improves
  trade until 1500 (Pax Mongolia for 200 yrs.)
• Threat of Mongols spur Japan to create Samurai
  and Emperor based government.

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1200 1500 C.E.

• Europe exposure to new trade and ideas leads to
  Renaissance, increased knowledge leads to
  questioning of authority.
• Renaissance leads to Protestant Reformation, rise
  in power of kings.
• Era of Discovery Europe wants everything Asia
  has to offer, Arabs close off all land routes
  (too many hard feelings from Crusades).
• Prince Henry the Navigator collects technology
  related to sailing, expands range of Europeans
  God, Gold, Glory

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1450 C.E.

• Pivot point. Prior to this time, ALL trade
  routes were land based with the exception of the
  Indian Ocean Trade.
• The few long distance trade routes were coast
  huggers since they couldnt carry enough
  supplies.
• Caravel ships, compass, astrolabe, allow
  explorers to explore the oceans and know what
  latitude they were on.

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1492 1750 C.E. North-Atlantic crossings, search
for north-west passage

• Columbus dispel the evil guy theory about
  disease, downfall of culture. Because he opens
  the Americas.
• Vasco da Gama circles the cape of Good Hope and
  opens it up.
• Magellan circumnavigates the globe
• Pedro Cabral blown off course and ends up off of
  Brazil, which leads to the Treaty of Tordasillas.
• Cortes and Pizzaro are a given due to Aztec/Incas
  stuff.
•  
• Focus on the encounter, the interaction. Push
  economics/trade. (Cultural Diffusion)

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1492 1750 C.E.

• The beginning of European trade empires an
  organized effort of trade. 
• This creates a global economy, main feature was
  that it becomes monetized, based on silver.
  Leads to mercantilism.
• Provides capital to fund increasingly larger
  explorations.
•  
• Leads to Columbian exchange. What goes in what
  direction? Corn, sweet potato, cacao (Aztecs
  made this a spicy drink, didnt have sugar.
  Europeans will make it a sweet drink.) Flesh,
  other than human, introduced into Aztec diet.
• Diseases, of course. Small pox, measles,
  Europeans got new strains of influenza and
  syphilis.
• Religious Ideas Spread Christianity, Islam
  spread to new world African Muslims enslaved in
  the new world (Islam forbids enslavement of
  fellow Muslims typically). Mixture of forms of
  Christianities with native religions. Today,
  this causes issues like voodoo, etc.

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1750 - 1870

• Triangular Slave Trade
• 1. Slaves go from Africa to Latin America and N.
  America (Native American laborers dead within 30
  years due to diseases).
• 2. Raw materials (gold, silver, gems, lumber for
  ship building) go from Americas back to Mother
  countries.
• 3. Manufactured goods from Europe go back to
  Americas for colonialists.
• Muslim presence continues to rise in Middle East
  through Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire.

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1750-1815

• Revolutions
• 1. American Revolution 1775-1800 due to long
  distance rule and taxes.
• 2. French Revolution 1789 1815 due to example
  of Am. Rev. and response to dictatorship of
  government.
• 3. Haitian Revolution 1789 1804 due to its
  being a French colony (influence of Fr. Rev.) and
  slave revolts.

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1760 - 1890

• Industrial Revolution begins in England, moves to
  United States, then goes to Europe. Begin of
  change from agricultural societies to factories
  and urban societies.
• Series of independence movements throughout Latin
  America and eventual end of slavery.

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1800 1914 Age of Empires

• The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire
  colonial rule in India, Australia, some of
  Africa.
• Napoleonic Empire in Europe leads to European
  strength.
• Russian Empire expands throughout Northern Asia.
• China Qing Empire suffers rebellions.
• Ottoman Empire takes on European characteristics.
• Japan Empire modernizes Japan.
• Rise of Nationalism throughout Eurasia leads to
  Socialist movements.

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1870 1914 Age of Imperialism

• America and Spain vie for control of Latin
  America, leads to Spanish-American War 1898.
  America wins Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii
• Scramble for Africa colonial powers in Europe
  grab whatever territory in Africa they can
  (Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, more).
• 1914 Ottoman Empire is collapsing, rise in
  nationalism throughout Europe leads to World War
  I.
• 1917 Russian Revolution due to Socialist
  movements (Anastasia)

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1914 - 1945

• 1914-1918 WWI Treaty of Versailles blames the
  entire war on Germany.
• Europe is redrawn, Ottoman Empire collapses,
  Russia unstable, China unstable, Japan begins to
  expand empire throughout the Pacific.
• Middle East redrawn.
• 1930s World wide Great Depression
• Unrest from aftermath of WWI and economy leads to
  rise in Fascism in Italy, Spain, Germany. Hitler
  uses this to start WWII.
• 1900 1949 colonies in Africa, India, Mexico,
  Latin America push for independence.

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1945 - 1989

• Aftermath of WWII leads to stronger Communist
  government in Russia.
• Chinese civil war leads to communist takeover
  (cont. to this day).
• 1947 Formation of Israel
• 1953 Communist takeover in N. Korea
• 1960s communist takeover in N. Vietnam
• Threat of atomic bombs leads to Cold War with
  Russia mutually assured destruction.
• 1989 Berlin Wall is torn down, Russian
  communism falls.

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1975-present

• Turmoil in Middle East (European Imperialism)
• 1970s - Islamic revolutions in Iran and
  Afghanistan
• 1990 Persian Gulf War
• Global Economy big difference between
  industrialized countries and third world
  nations
• Rise in Terrorism, Sept. 11, 2001, subsequent
  wars (unrest due to actual or perceived Western
  manipulation in the Middle East).

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Impact of Major Disease

• 430s B.C.E. Plague hits Greece during Pericles
  Golden Age
• 540s C.E. Justinians Plague during Byzantine
  Empire
• 1340s C. E. Black Death 1in 3 dead from China
  across Europe
• 1500s 1700s Small Pox and other European
  diseases kill Latin American Natives first, then
  North American as colonies spread.
• 1918 Spanish Influenza 50100 million people
  worldwide were killed
• 1930s on Vaccines and Antibiotics change affects
  of disease.
• 1980s present AIDS pandemic, esp. Sub-Saharan
  Africa.

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Global Society

• Before 1450 C.E. only real Global Society was
  the Indian Ocean Trading World
• After 1450 C.E. beginnings with mercantilism and
  the Columbian Exchange, but emphasis is too for
  the mother country
• 1900s- shift during the century from mother
  country
• 1898 U.S. moves from isolationist to
  imperialist with Spanish-American war, but not
  world player until WWII. Now part of massive
  global economy.
• By end of 1900s few products made start to finish
  in one location, or even one country.